I. C. Bezerra

Increase of Tospoviral Diversity in Brazil with the Identification of Two New Tospovirus Species, One from Chrysanthemum and One from Zucchini

ABSTRACT During a survey conducted in several different regions of Brazil, two unique tospoviruses were isolated and characterized, one from chrysanthemum and the other from zucchini. The chrysanthemum virus displayed a broad host range, whereas the virus from zucchini was restricted mainly to the family Cucurbitaceae. Double-antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western immunoblot analyses demonstrated that both viruses were serologically distinct from all reported tospovirus species including the recently proposed peanut yellow spot virus and iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) species. The nucleotide sequences of the nucleocapsid (N) genes of both viruses contain 780 nucleotides encoding for deduced proteins of 260 amino acids. The N proteins of these two viruses displayed amino acid sequence similarities with the previously described tospovirus species ranging from 20 to 75%, but they were more closely related to each other (80%). Based on the biological and molecular features, these viruses are proposed as two new tospovirus species, designated chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV) and zucchini lethal chlorosis virus (ZLCV). With the identification of CSNV and ZLCV, in addition to tomato spotted wilt virus, groundnut ring spot virus, tomato chlorotic spot virus, and IYSV, Brazil harbors the broadest spectrum of tospovirus species reported.

Sequence diversity of NSM movement protein of tospoviruses

Summary. In order to determine the diversity of the movement protein (NSM) among tospoviruses, the NSM genes of five distinct tospovirus species occurring in Brazil (Tomato chlorotic spot virus, Groundnut ring spot virus, Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus, Zucchini lethal chlorosis virus and Iris yellow spot virus) were cloned, sequenced and compared with NSM sequences of other available tospoviruses. The ‘D-motif’, a conserved region present in the majority of ‘30K superfamily’ virus movement proteins, is present in all NSM amino acid sequences available. In addition to the ‘D-motif’, a conserved phospholipase A2 motif was found. The NSM amino acid sequence comparisons among tospovirus species revealed several conserved regions located in the internal part of the protein and diverse domains mainly located in the amino-terminus. Prediction of secondary structure showed similar patterns among all NSM proteins analyzed. Considering the geographical prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of N and NSM proteins, tospoviruses were tentatively clustered in ‘American’ and ‘Eurasian’ groups. Both phylogenetic trees may reflect the natural evolution of tospovirus species within distinct ecological niches. The sequence information obtained in this work would facilitate functional analysis of NSM during the tospovirus infection process.

A corm-specific gene encodes tarin, a major globulin of taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott)

A gene encoding a globulin from a major taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) corm protein family, tarin (G1, ca. 28 kDa) was isolated from a λ Charon 35 library, using a cDNA derived from a highly abundant corm-specific mRNA, as probe. The gene, named tar1, and the corresponding cDNA were characterized and compared. No introns were found. The major transcription start site was determined by primer extension analysis. The gene has an open reading frame (ORF) of 765 bp, and the deduced amino acid sequence indicated a precursor polypeptide of 255 residues that is post-translationally processed into two subunits of about 12.5 kDa each. The deduced protein is 45% homologous to curculin, a sweet-tasting protein found in the fruit pulp of Curculigo latifolia and 40% homologous to a mannose-binding lectin from Galanthus nivalis. Significant similarity was also found at the nucleic acid sequence level with genes encoding lectins from plant species of the Amaryllidaceae and Lilliaceae families.

Distribuição de geminivírus nas culturas do tomate e pimentão em doze municípios do Submédio do Vale São Francisco

In 1996 and 1997, whitefly-transmitted geminivirus symptoms were observed in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants in the Lower basin of San Francisco Valley, located in the states of Pernambuco and Bahia, Northeastern Brazil. One thousand three hundred and sixty-eight leaf samples of tomato and 194 pepper leaf samples showing similar symptoms to those caused by geminivirus were randomly collected from October 1996 to December 1998 in 104 and 16 fields, respectively, from 12 counties of that region and two neighboring counties. The incidence of symptomatic plants was estimated from 5 to 100% in tomato and 10 to 20% in sweet pepper fields. For geminivirus detection, dot or squash-blots were hybridized with heterologous probes. For tomato, the probe consisted of full-length DNA-A components of Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) from Brazil and Bean golden yellow mosaic virus (BGYMV) from Guatemala, while for sweet pepper it consisted of a fragment of the DNA-A component of an isolate from tomato found in the Federal District. Out of 1,562 collected samples, 908 (58.1%) tested positive for geminivirus, 823 (60.2%) on tomato and 85 (43.8%) on sweet pepper. The presence of infected plants was detected in all 120 fields with an incidence varying from 20% to 100%, indicating a broad dissemination of geminivirus in these crops in the Lower Basin of San Francisco Valley.