Ian Stuart Murray

Large Leonid Meteoroids And The Historical Activity Of Comet 55p/Tempel–Tuttle

We interpret the historical activity of comet 55P/Tempel–Tuttle in terms of the observed characteristics of present-day short period comets. In this respect, it is now realized that such comets are liable to undergo significant outburst and mantle loss events at intervals separated by of order a few hundred years. On this basis one might well expect comet 55P/Tempel–Tuttle to have undergone several outbursts since its earliest sighing in 1366. The limited absolute magnitude data available for 55P/Tempel–Tuttle is not inconsistent with the suggestion that the comet underwent outbursts during its 1699 and 1865 perihelion returns. If the outbursts of comet 55P/Tempel–Tuttle are interpreted in terms of mantle loss events then the bright, electrophonic sound producing fireballs reported during the great Leonid meteor storm of 1833 may have been due to the Earth sampling mantle material ejected during the outburst of 1699.

Jet-Like Structures and Wake in Mg I (518 nm) Images of 1999 Leonid Storm Meteors

Small meteoric fragments are ejected at significant transverse velocities from some (up to ~8%) fast Leonid meteors. We reach this conclusion using low light intensified image measurements obtained during the 1999 Leonid Multi-Instrument Aircraft Campaign. High spatial resolution, narrow band image measurements of the Mg I emission at 518 nm have been used to clearly identify jet-like features in the meteor head that are the same as first observed in white light by LeBlanc et al. (1999). We postulate that these unusual structures are caused by tiny meteoroid fragments (containing metallic grains) being rapidly ejected away from the core meteoroid as the constituent glue evaporates. Marked curvature observed in the jet-like filaments suggest that the parent meteoroids are spinning and as the whirling fragments are knocked away by the impinging air molecules, or by grain-grain collisions in the fragment ensemble, they ablate quickly generating an extended area of structured luminosity up to about 1–2 km from the meteoroid center. Fragments with smaller transverse velocity components are thought to be responsible for the associated beading evident in the wake of these unusual Leonid meteors.

The size of meteoroid constituent grains: Implications for interstellar meteoroids

The most widely accepted model for the structure of cometary meteoroids is a dustaball with grains bound together by a more volatile substance [1]. In this paper we estimate the size distribution of dustball grains from meteor flare duration, using image intensified CCD or 1998 Leonid meteors. Upon the assumption of simultaneous release of dustball grains at the beginning of the flare, numerical atmospheric ablation models suggest that the dustball grains in these Leonids are of the order of 10 −5 to 10 −4 kg, which is somewhat larger than estimates obtained by other methods. If the dustball grain sizes determined here are representative of cometary meteoroid structure in general, only the most massive (O and BO) type stars could eject these grains into interstellar space by radiation pressure forces.