Ibrahim Turkekul

Determination of iron, copper, manganese, zinc, lead, and cadmium in mushroom samples from Tokat, Turkey

Abstract Contents of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, and Cd in 10 mushrooms species from Tokat, Turkey were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The results indicate that Fe, Cu, Mn, and Pb levels in the species Fomes fementarius were the highest with means of 3904±307 mg/kg, 54±4 mg/kg, 64±5 mg/kg, 2.7±2.0 mg/kg, respectively. The highest level of Zn was 122±11 mg/kg in the species Polyporus frondosus. Content of Cd in Boletus appendiculatus and Fomes fomentarius were the highest with a mean of 1.8±0.2 mg/kg.

Biosorption of heavy metals on Aspergillus fumigatus immobilized Diaion HP-2MG resin for their atomic absorption spectrometric determinations.

A solid phase extraction procedure based on biosorption of copper(II), lead(II), zinc(II), iron(III), nickel(II) and cobalt(II) ions on Aspergillus fumigatus immobilized Diaion HP-2MG has been investigated. The analytical conditions including amounts of A. fumigatus, eluent type, flow rates of sample and eluent solutions were examined. Good recoveries were obtained to the spiked natural waters. The influences of the concomitant ions on the retentions of the analytes were also examined. The detection limits (3sigma, N=11) were 0.30mugl(-1) for copper, 0.32mugl(-1) for iron, 0.41mugl(-1) for zinc, 0.52mugl(-1) for lead, 0.59mugl(-1) for nickel and 0.72mugl(-1) for cobalt. The relative standard deviations of the procedure were below 7%. The validation of the presented procedure is performed by the analysis of three standard reference materials (NRCC-SLRS 4 Riverine Water, SRM 1515 Apple leaves and GBW 07605 Tea). The procedure was successfully applied for the determination of analyte ions in natural waters microwave digested samples including street dust, tomato paste, black tea, etc.

Antioxidant Activity of Two Wild Edible Mushrooms (Morchella vulgaris and Morchella esculanta) from North Turkey

The ethanol extracts of Morchella vulgaris (EEMV) and Morchella esculanta (EEME) were analysed for their antioxidant activities in different systems including reducing power, free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, total antioxidant activity, and metal chelating activity. EEMV and EEME had similar reducing power, free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and metal chelating activity at concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 microg/mL. These various antioxidant activities were compared to standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and alpha-tocopherol. The percent inhibition of different concentrations of EEMV on peroxidation in the linoleic acid system was 85 and 87 % respectively, which was greater than that of 100 and 250 microg/mL of alpha-tocopherol (50 and 77%, respectively) and similar to 250 microg/mL of BHA (85, 87%, respectively). The percent inhibition of different concentrations of EEME on peroxidation in the linoleic acid system was 80 and 87 % respectively, which was greater than that of 100 and 250 microg/mL of alpha-tocopherol (50, 77%) and similar to 250 microg/mL BHA (87%). On the other hand, the percent inhibition of 100 and 250 microg/mL of BHT was 97 and 99%, respectively. In addition, the total phenolic compounds in EEMV and EEME were determined as gallic acid equivalents.

Screening of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Activities and Chemical Contents of Edible Mushrooms Wildly Grown in the Black Sea Region of Turkey

The antioxidative activity of the methanol extracts obtained from twelve commonly consumed wild edible mushrooms was investigated according to the phosphomolybdenum method, inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation, reducing power, metal chelating, O(2)(˙-), DPPH(˙), peroxide and H(2)O(2) scavenging activity in the Black Sea Region of Turky, and compared to standard antioxidant compounds such as a-tocopherol, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and trolox. Total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, β-carotene and lycopene in the extracts were measured. The antimicrobial activities of extracts were also evalated against gram (-) and (+) bacteria and yeast with disc diffusion method. Hydnum repandum, Lactarius delicious, Lactarius camphoratus, Lactarius piperatus, Ramaria flava, and Agaricus bisporus were greater than α-tocopherol and BHT on antioxidant activity. The lipid peroxidation of L. camphoratus and Lactarius volemus was excellent, and was 58.05% and 61.44% respectively. The DPPH(˙) scavenging effects decreased in the order of R. flava>BHT> Macrolepiota procera>L. camphoratus>L. piperatus>Lactarius volemus>a-tocopherol and were, at 500 µg/ml and were 80.38, 76.61, 69.74, 61.55, 61.47, 61.09, 60.65%, respectively. All the extracts of mushroom also had the stronger chelating effect according to standards. The O(2)(˙-) scavenging effect of extracts of the mushroom species was in order of R. flava>Boletus edulis>Leatiporus sulphureus>M. procera>standards. L. piperatus, L. camphorates, L. volemus, A. bisporus, Chanterellus cibarius, L. sulphureus, H. repandum showed strong antimicrobial activity, especially on E. coli. H. repandum exhibited to be more effective on P. aeruginosa than other bacterial strains.

Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Some Wild‐Grown Edible Mushrooms

Abstract In this study some heavy metal uptake in mushroom species, their metal content in soil substrate and the relation in between metal concentration in mushroom and soil were investigated. Mushroom species and soil in which mushroom species were grown were collected from Tokat region of Turkey. Six different mushroom species and their underlying soil (0–10 cm layer) samples were analyzed for some heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Fe, Zn, Cd, Mn, Ni, Cr and Co). The analysis was performed with an atomic absorption spectrometer. The results indicate that in general, heavy metal contents in all mushroom species were lower than the underlying soil substrates except for some mushroom species. The results obtained from the analyses of mushroom and underlying soil samples were evaluated using linear correlation analysis and concentration factors to identify the metal accumulation of mushrooms.

Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Trace Metal Contents of Mushroom Samples from Tokat, Turkey

Abstract Six trace metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cd) were determined in 12 different mushroom samples collected from polluted and unpolluted locations in Tokat, Turkey using flame and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after dry ashing, wet ashing and microwave digestion. The study of sample preparation procedures showed that the microwave digestion method was the best. The proposed method showed satisfactory recovery, detection limits and standard deviation for trace metals determination in mushroom samples. The results were in the ppm range 184–7560 (Fe), 12–181 (Cu), 16–122 (Mn), 18–403 (Zn), 0.75–7.77 (Pb), and 0.14–5.50 (Cd).

Antioxidant activities of Sarcodon imbricatum wildly grown in the Black Sea Region of Turkey.

The antioxidant activities of the methanol extract of Sarcodon imbricatum wildly grown in the Black Sea Region of Turkey were investigated in this study. Antioxidant activities were evaluated in terms of total antioxidant activity, reducing power, metal chelating ability, inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation, superoxide, peroxide and hydrogen peroxide scavenging effects. Various antioxidant activities were compared to references antioxidants such as α-tocopherol, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and trolox. In total antioxidant (12674.45 μmol α-tocopherol/g of extract), superoxide scavenging (53.74%) and peroxide scavenging activity (45.73%), the methanol extract of Sarcodon imbricatum showed stronger activity patterns than that of references antioxidants. Reducing power, metal chelating activity and free radical (DPPH•) scavenging activity was increased with the increasing concentration. The contents of total phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin, ascorbic acid, β-carotene and lycopene of Sarcodon imbricatum were determined and found to be noteworthy.

Interpolated mapping and investigation of environmental radioactivity levels in soils and mushrooms in the Middle Black Sea Region of Turkey

ABSTRACT The activity concentration of natural (238U, 232Th, and 40K) and artificial (137Cs) radionuclides was determined in 50 samples (obtained from the same station) from various species of mushrooms and soil collected from the Middle Black Sea Region (Turkey). The activities of 238U, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs were found as 84 ± 16, 45 ± 14, 570 ± 28, and 64 ± 6 Bq kg–1 (dry weight), respectively, in the mushroom samples and as 51 ± 6, 41 ± 6, 201 ± 11, and 44 ± 4 Bq kg–1, respectively, in the soil samples for the entire area of study. The results of all radionuclide activity measurements, except those of 238U and 232Th in the mushroom samples, are consistent with previous studies. In the soil samples, the mean values of 238U and 232Th are above the world mean, and the activity mean of 40K is below the world mean. Finally, the activity estimation was made with both the soil and mushroom samples for unmeasured points within the study area by using the ordinary kriging method. Radiological distribution maps were generated.