Ignasi Galtés

A Paleoneurohistological Study of 3,000-Year-Old Mummified Brain Tissue from the Mediterranean Bronze Age

Objectives: Mummified nervous tissue is very rarely found in ancient remains and usually corresponds to corpses which were frozen or preserved in bogs, conditions which limit tissue autolysis and bacterial degradation. Here, we show the unusual finding of spontaneously mummified brain tissue from several individuals from the little known megalithic talaiotic culture of the island of Minorca, dating approximately 3,000 years before present and corresponding to the late Mediterranean Bronze Age. Methods: These individuals were part of an intact burial site containing 66 subjects. Intracraneal samples were carefully rehydrated with Sandison’s solution. We used classical histochemical as well as 2D and 3D (scanning) electron-microscopic techniques. Results: We provide evidence of the nervous nature of the samples as well as a detailed description of the morphological features of these ancient tissues. The intracranial material consisted of well-preserved eosinophilic reticular tissue and, although mostly absent, some exceptional pigment-containing neurons were identified. Conclusions: We present a detailed morphological analysis which can provide valuable information and guidelines for the interpretation of this scarce type of mummified samples and provide explanations for this surprising preservation.

Functional implications of radial diaphyseal curvature

A recent study (Galtés et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 135 (2008) 293-300) demonstrated that during pronation, pronator teres exerts a favorable force for radial lateral bending. On the basis of this finding, we hypothesized that the pattern of muscular loading exerted on the radius by this muscle might play a role as a mechanical stimulus involved in radial bowing. The current work relates the hypertrophy of the forearm muscles to the degree of lateral curvature of the radial diaphysis. The analysis is based on an original osteometrical index to estimate radial curvature, and it applies a visual reference method to grade the osteological appearance of 10 entheses of 104 radii from archaeological and contemporary samples. Using these morphological data as an indirect method to measure the association between muscular hypertrophy and bone curvature, this study reveals that the pattern of muscular loading exerted on the apex of the radial shaft by the pronator teres muscle may play an important role as a mechanical stimulus involved in diaphyseal bowing.

Marcadores de actividad en restos óseos

Los marcadores de actividad se definen como cambios de la arquitectura interna y/o externa del hueso, que se desarrollan bajo condiciones de estres continuado y prolongado derivado de la realizacion de actividades habituales u ocupacionales. Las evidencias obtenidas a partir de estas marcas esqueleticas constituyen una valiosa fuente de informacion que permite generar hipotesis sobre determinados antecedentes de la vida de un sujeto, utiles en la individualizacion de unos restos esqueleticos. Por tanto, el analisis de estos marcadores debe ser considerado como una fase mas del proceso de necroidentificacion forense.

Biomechanics of Forearm Rotation: Force and Efficiency of Pronator Teres

Biomechanical models are useful to assess the effect of muscular forces on bone structure. Using skeletal remains, we analyze pronator teres rotational efficiency and its force components throughout the entire flexion-extension and pronation-supination ranges by means of a new biomechanical model and 3D imaging techniques, and we explore the relationship between these parameters and skeletal structure. The results show that maximal efficiency is the highest in full elbow flexion and is close to forearm neutral position for each elbow angle. The vertical component of pronator teres force is the highest among all components and is greater in pronation and elbow extension. The radial component becomes negative in pronation and reaches lower values as the elbow flexes. Both components could enhance radial curvature, especially in pronation. The model also enables to calculate efficiency and force components simulating changes in osteometric parameters. An increase of radial curvature improves efficiency and displaces the position where the radial component becomes negative towards the end of pronation. A more proximal location of pronator teres radial enthesis and a larger humeral medial epicondyle increase efficiency and displace the position where this component becomes negative towards forearm neutral position, which enhances radial curvature. Efficiency is also affected by medial epicondylar orientation and carrying angle. Moreover, reaching an object and bringing it close to the face in a close-to-neutral position improve efficiency and entail an equilibrium between the forces affecting the elbow joint stability. When the upper-limb skeleton is used in positions of low efficiency, implying unbalanced force components, it undergoes plastic changes, which improve these parameters. These findings are useful for studies on ergonomics and orthopaedics, and the model could also be applied to fossil primates in order to infer their locomotor form. Moreover, activity patterns in human ancient populations could be deduced from parameters reported here.

Fatal manganese intoxication due to an error in the elaboration of Epsom salts for a liver cleansing diet.

We describe the case of a 50-year-old man with a fatal intoxication after accidental massive oral ingestion of manganese. The patient presented with lethargy, diffuse abdominal pain, vomiting, and profuse diarrhea after ingesting Epsom salts (magnesium sulfate heptahydrate) during a liver cleansing diet. Despite intensive care management with intubation, prone position ventilation, continuous venovenous hemofiltration, and multiple transfusions, he progressed to refractory shock with multiple organ dysfunction resulting in death within 72 h. Similar patients arrived at several hospitals with identical epidemiology (all had ingested the same salt obtained in the same place). Clinical and forensic investigations (X-ray diffraction) discovered that the supplier had mistakenly prepared the salts with hydrated manganese sulfate instead of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. The results enabled the other patients to be successfully treated for hydrated manganese sulfate intoxication with life support in the intensive care unit and chelation therapy (EDTA). We describe the clinical presentation of acute manganese poisoning and alert professionals to the risk of an increasingly popular diet. This case demonstrates the importance of collaboration between clinicians, pathologists, and forensic scientists to resolve a difficult-to-diagnose case.

Technical note: Forearm pronation efficiency analysis in skeletal remains

This work presents an original methodology for analyzing forearm-pronation efficiency from skeletal remains and its variation with regard to changes in the elbow position. The methodology is based on a biomechanical model that defines rotational efficiency as a mathematical function expressing a geometrical relationship between the origin and insertion of the pronator teres. The methodology uses humeral distal epiphysis photography, from which the geometrical parameters for the efficiency calculus can be obtained. Rotational efficiency is analyzed in a human specimen and in a living nonhuman hominoid (Symphalangus syndactylus) for a full elbow extension (180 degrees) and an intermediate elbow position (90 degrees). In both specimens, the results show that this rotational-efficiency parameter varies throughout the entire rotational range and show a dependency on the elbow joint position. The rotational efficiency of the siamangs pronator teres is less affected by flexion of the forearm than that of the human. The fact that forearm-pronation efficiency can be inferred, even quantified, allows us to interpret more precisely the functional and evolutionary significance of upper-limb skeletal design in extant and fossil primate taxa.

Functional Plasticity of the Human Humerus: Shape, Rigidity, and Muscular Entheses

The relationship between the mechanical loading undergone by a bone and its form has been widely assumed as a premise in studies aiming to reconstruct behavioral patterns from skeletal remains. Nevertheless, this relationship is complex due to the existence of many factors affecting bone structure and form, and further research combining structural and shape characteristics is needed. Using two-block PLS, which is a test to analyze the covariance between two sets of variables, we aim to investigate the relationship between upper-limb entheseal changes, cross-sectional properties, and contour shape of the humeral diaphysis. Our results show that individuals with strongly marked entheseal changes have increased diaphyseal rigidities. Bending rigidities are mainly related to entheseal changes of muscles that cross the shoulder. Moreover, the entheseal changes of muscles that participate in the rotation of the arm are related to mediolaterally flatter and ventrodorsally broader humeral shapes in the mid-proximal diaphysis. In turn, this diaphyseal shape is related to diaphyseal rigidity, especially to bending loadings. The shape of the diaphysis of the rest of the humerus does not covary either with rigidity or with entheseal changes. The results indicate that large muscular scars, such as those found in the mid-proximal diaphyses, seem to be related to diaphyseal shape, whereas this relationship is not seen for areas with less direct influences of powerful muscles.

The coexistence of ankylosing spondylitis and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis--a postmortem diagnosis.

A 72-year-old male was diagnosed as having ankylosing spondylitis, mainly according to radiological findings, confirmed as HLA-B27-negative. Postmortem examination of the skeleton raised doubts on the initial diagnosis, since spinal findings pointed out also to diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. The authors discuss the differential diagnosis and enhance the postmortem findings which allowed the diagnosis of the two clinical entities in the same patient.

3D analysis of the forearm rotational efficiency variation in humans.

Pronosupination is a component of the hominoid orthograde corporal plane that enables primates to execute efficient and sure locomotion in their habitat and is an essential movement for the development of manipulative capacities. We analyze human variability in the rotational efficiency of the pronator teres muscle by applying the biomechanical model created by Galtés et al. (Am J Phys Anthropol 2008; 135:293–300; Am J Phys Anthropol 2009a; 140:589–594) to skeletal remains of a human sample (N = 29) and three nonhuman hominoid specimens (chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan) by means of 3D technology. We aim to examine whether there is a distinctive human pattern of rotational efficiency and determine which structural features of the upper‐limb bones have the greatest influence on the determination of rotational efficiency. Our results show that the human pattern differs from efficiencies observed in nonhuman hominoids, which may be interpreted in the light of morphofunctional adaptations. We identify medial epicondylar form as the key structure of the upper‐limb bones for the determination of the rotational efficiency of the forearm. Results indicate that the more medially projected epicondyle of nonhuman hominoids relative to humans leads to higher values of maximum rotational efficiency. Moreover, the orientation of the medial epicondyle determines the pronounced differences in the position of the maximum efficiencies in the pronosupination range between humans and the studied nonhuman hominoids. Proximodistal orientation of the medial epicondyle is suggested to be a more appropriate feature for distinguishing between humans and nonhuman hominoids than anteroposterior orientation and, therefore, for inferring behavioral aspects from skeletal remains and fossils of primate upper‐limb bones. Anat Rec, 2012.

La antropología forense al servicio de la justicia y la historia: las fosas de la Guerra Civil

La antropologia forense tiene por objeto tanto la identificacion del individuo, como la determinacion de la causa y circunstancias de la muerte. En este sentido, la antropologia forense es esencial para la recuperacion de los restos de personas desaparecidas y que fueron enterrados en fosas comunes durante la Guerra Civil y la dictadura franquista, para su posterior retorno a los familiares. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de la intervencion llevada a cabo en la fosa de Gurb, en la que fueron enterrados cuatro soldados republicanos vecinos de Gava y cuyos familiares habian solicitado su exhumacion. El trabajo multidisciplinar llevado a cabo permitio: 1) recuperar toda la informacion ante mortem disponible en relacion a la fosa y los desaparecidos, 2) recuperar mediante metodologia arqueologica y directrices antropologico-forenses los restos de los 13 individuos enterrados en la fosa, y 3) analizar los restos en el laboratorio a traves de tecnicas antropologicas, forenses, moleculares y de superposicion craneofacial. Los resultados permitieron tanto la identificacion de las cuatro personas buscadas, como la determinacion de las causas y circunstancias de su muerte, relacionadas todas ellas con heridas por arma de fuego, acaecidas en un contexto de batalla.