Ignatii V. Samokhvalov

Investigating particle orientation in cirrus clouds by measuring backscattering phase matrices with lidar.

The relation between the orientation of particles in ice-crystal clouds and backscattering phase matrices (BSPMs) is considered. Parameters characterizing the predominant orientation of particles in the azimuthal direction and in the horizontal position are presented. The parameters are expressed through BSPM elements. A technique for measuring BSPM elements with lidar is described. Examples of some measurements are presented along with a statistical generalization of the results from more than 400 BSPM measurements. It is found that the orientation of coarse particles with large diameters in an azimuthal direction and in a horizontal position is more probable than in a random direction. However, the orientation of large particles is often masked by small particles that are not subject to the effect of orienting factors. Thus the mean parameters characterizing the state of orientation of particles in clouds as a whole correspond to weak orientation. It is supposed that the orientation of particles in the azimuthal direction is caused by wind-velocity pulsations.

Investigation of East Asian clouds with polarization light detection and ranging

In this paper we present results of investigation of the main optical properties of East Asian clouds with a ground-based polarization lidar placed in Daejeon, Republic of Korea. Asian dust is located in elevated layers of the atmosphere in spring, travels long distances, and causes significant damage to ecology. We present backscattering matrices of clouds obtained from polarimetric remote measurements which comprise information on the scattering and absorption properties of cloud particles, their morphology, and spatial orientation. Theory of our applied lidar polarization experiment is presented in terms of the instrumental vectors of a transmitter and a receiver. Methods of solving linear and nonlinear systems of equations comprising echo signals are considered. Some numerical and measurement results are presented to illustrate the efficiency and versatility of the method of estimating the cloud parameters.

Raman and fluorescent scattering matrix of spherical microparticles

In this paper, we have investigated the main properties of the Raman and fluorescent matrix of scattering by microspheres using the matrix scattering formalism. The coherent and incoherent inelastic scattering of incident light by a microsphere is described by the Stokes parameters. We demonstrate the main symmetry properties of the coherent and incoherent Raman and fluorescent scattering matrices. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the Raman scattering efficiency, cross-phase coefficient, and some other parameters of scattering by microspheres.

Investigation of the ground layer of the atmosphere and clouds using laser location

Apparatus for measuring certain parameters of the atmosphere and clouds by laser location is described. The results of measurements of the radiation attenuation factor in the ground layer of the atmosphere, in clouds, and in fog are presented.

Detection of concentration small gas components of atmosphere by DOAS method

A differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) gas-analyzer was successfully tested. A high pressure 150-W Xe arc lamp was employed as a light source. This system consisted of a coaxial telescope, a spectrometer, an analyzer and retroreflector. In order to record the spectra, a monochrometer with a grating and photodiode array was adopted. Gas analyzer spectral data bank includes more than 30 moleculas absorbed in UV spectral region. The measured absorption spectra were evaluated by using a least-squares to determine the average mixing ratio of each species in the atmosphere. A number of air pollutants concentrations: SO2, NO2, O3, etc were trace measured. Minimally detected concentration on pathlength 400 m is the unit of ppb at the time of accumulation of 2 min. The results of the field test measurements of pollutants in Tomsk are presented.

Investigation of phase matrices of cirrus containing ensembles of oriented ice particles

Experimental results of polarization laser sensing of cirrus with anomalous backscattering are presented. The technique of determining the optical and geometrical characteristics of clouds is described. Experimental data are compared with the meteorological conditions at altitudes of cirrus above the lidar location and with the results of numerical modeling of phase matrices in the approximation of physical optics. The recurrence frequency of meteorological characteristics of “mirror” cirrus is estimated.

Scattering properties of spherically aggregated metal nanoparticles in active matrix

According to the model of the effective medium and G. Mie theory, attenuation cross-sections, cross-sections for scattering and absorption for metal nanoparticles nanosized aggregates have been assessed depending on the aggregate’s size , level of the aggregate’s filling with nanoparticles and physical properties of the nanoparticles material.

The application of UV LEDs for differential optical absorption spectroscopy

Modern UV LEDs represent a potentially very advantageous alternative to thermal light sources, in particular xenon arc lamps, which are the most common light sources in trace gas-analyzers. So, the light-emitting diodes are very attractive for use of as light sources for Long Path Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) measurements of trace gases in the open atmosphere. Recent developments in fibre-coupling telescope technology and the availability of ultraviolet light emitting diodes have now allowed us to construct a portable, long path DOAS instrument for use at remote locations and specifically for measuring degassing from active volcanic systems. First of all, we are talking about the measurement of sulphur dioxide, carbon disulphide and, oxides of chlorine and bromine. The parallel measurements of sulfur dioxide using a certified gas analyzer, were conducted and showed good correlation.

Effect of the orientation degree of crystalline ice particles in cirrus on the total flow of solar radiation in the photosynthetically active range

Results of complex experiments, in which flows of solar radiation are measured near the Earth’s surface in the presence of cirrus cloudiness and the orientation degree of ice crystals in cirrus is estimated using a polarization lidar, are discussed. Significant effect of the orientation degree of cirrus particles on the transmission of solar radiation is found in a number of experiments.

Model of lidar return from remote aerosol formation

Although the fact that lidars are used more than half a century, so many of the technical and methodological problem of the laser sensing has not been resolved. Laser sensing of optically dense aerosol formations (such as clouds or fog) belongs to the need of careful study. This is because the lidar signal from such formations is due not only single, but also multiple scattering, which significantly affects both the intensity value and the state of polarization of the received radiation. We have obtained an analytical expression for the time delay of the lidar return from the cloud layer due to multiple scattering. It is shown that the value of this lidar return is determined by the lower boundary, the microstructure and the thickness of the cloud layer, and a field-of-view of lidar receiving system.