Ikhlaq Hussain

LMF-Based Control Algorithm for Single Stage Three-Phase Grid Integrated Solar PV System

This paper proposes the use of a least mean fourth (LMF)-based algorithm for single-stage three-phase grid-integrated solar photovoltaic (SPV) system. It consists of an SPV array, voltage source converter (VSC), three-phase grid, and linear/nonlinear loads. This system has an SPV array coupled with a VSC to provide three-phase active power and also acts as a static compensator for the reactive power compensation. It also conforms to an IEEE-519 standard on harmonics by improving the quality of power in the three-phase distribution network. Therefore, this system serves to provide harmonics alleviation, load balancing, power factor correction and regulating the terminal voltage at the point of common coupling. In order to increase the efficiency and maximum power to be extracted from the SPV array at varying environmental conditions, a single-stage system is used along with perturb and observe method of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) integrated with the LMF-based control technique. The proposed system is modeled and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink with available simpower system toolbox and the behaviour of the system under different loads and environmental conditions are verified experimentally on a developed system in the laboratory.

Combined LMS–LMF-Based Control Algorithm of DSTATCOM for Power Quality Enhancement in Distribution System

This paper deals with the combined least mean square-least mean fourth (LMS-LMF)-based control algorithm for distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) in three-phase distribution system to alleviate the power quality problems caused by solid-state equipments and devices. The combined LMS-LMF-based algorithm is simulated using Sim Power System (SPS) toolbox in MATLAB for obtaining the corresponding active and reactive weights and supply reference currents. The proposed control algorithm has advantages of both LMF- and LMS-based control algorithms, which helps in fast and accurate response with a robust design. Depending on the value of error signal obtained in any of the phases either of LMS- or LMF-based control is used to minimize the error. The developed combined LMS-LMF-based algorithm is implemented on the prototype of the proposed system and responses obtained are found satisfactory with harmonic spectra of the supply currents meeting the power quality standards.

Investigations on solar PV grid interfaced power generating system using two-level twelve-pulse double bridge converter

This paper presents the double stage solar photovoltaic (PV) grid interfaced power generating system using two-level twelve-pulse double bridge voltage source converter (VSC) for large capacity plants with improved power quality. The maximum power is tracked with variable step incremental-resistance (INR) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method and the maximum power obtained is transferred to the grid. A set of two-level pulse double bridge converter consists of four 6-pulse two-level VSC operated at 50 Hz switching frequency. This results in reduction of grid current and grid voltage total harmonic distortion (THD) which is in accordance to the IEEE 519 standard without performing high frequency switching control. Simulated results have validated the design and control algorithm of the proposed system configuration under varying conditions.

Grid integration of single stage solar PV power generating system using 12-pulse VSC

This paper presents a single stage solar photovoltaic (PV) grid interfaced power generating system using two-level 12-pulse double bridge voltage source converter (VSC) with improved sinusoidal signal integrator PLL (SSI-PLL) based control algorithm for large capacity plants with improved power quality. The maximum power is tracked with modified perturbation and observation (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method and the maximum power obtained is transferred to the grid. Multipulse VSC results in reduction of grid current and grid voltage total harmonic distortion (THD) which is in accordance to the IEEE 519 standard without performing high frequency switching control. Simulated results have validated the design and control algorithm of the proposed system configuration under varying conditions.

Single Sensor-Based MPPT of Partially Shaded PV System for Battery Charging by Using Cauchy and Gaussian Sine Cosine Optimization

This paper introduces a battery charging scheme from a solar photovoltaic (SPV) by using a single sensor-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) strategy. Here, for quick and efficient tracking, a novel hybrid “Cauchy and Gaussian sine cosine optimization” (CGSCO) algorithm is proposed for MPPT, which is based on only a single current sensor. The main objective of the CGSCO algorithm is, maximum extraction of the power from SPV panel and efficiently charging the battery through maximizing the charging current of the battery. Due to the single sensor, the cost of the charging scheme is very low, as well as the algorithm complexity and computational burden are very less, so it can be easily implemented on the low-cost microcontroller. In this paper, a single current sensor-based battery charging scheme by CGSCO algorithm is tested on MATLAB simulator and verified on a developed hardware of the SPV system. The panel condition, with and without shaded as well as dynamic environmental condition (variable temperature and insolation), is considered during simulation as well as on hardware implementation. Moreover, the tracking ability is compared with the most recent state of the art techniques (Grey wolf optimization and Lagrange interpolation particle swarm optimization (LIPSO)) as well as compared with “CGSCO with the conventional dual (voltage and current) sensor-based MPPT scheme.” The efficient battery charging with quick MPPT by CGSCO algorithm w.r.t. all state of the art techniques as well as dual sensor-based MPPT scheme, in steady-state as well as in dynamic conditions meets the motive of the work.

MPPT in Dynamic Condition of Partially Shaded PV System by Using WODE Technique

This paper introduces a humpback whale hunting behavior inspired whale optimization with differential evolution (WODE) technique-based tracking algorithm for the maximum power point tracking in the dynamic as well as the steady-state conditions of a partially shaded solar photovoltaic (PV) system. This “WODE” technique is used for quick and oscillation-free tracking of the global best peak position in a few steps. The unique advantage of this algorithm for maximum power point tracking in partially shaded condition is as, it is free from common and generalized problems of other evolutionary techniques, like longer convergence duration, a large number of search particles, steady-state oscillation, heavy computational burden, etc., which creates power loss and oscillations in output. This hybrid algorithm is tested in MATLAB simulation and verified on a developed hardware of the solar PV system, which consists of multiple peaks in voltage-power curve. Moreover, the tracking ability is compared with the state-of-the-art methods. The satisfactory steady-state and dynamic performances of the new hybrid technique under variable irradiance and temperature levels show the superiority over the state-of-the-art control methods.

Rapid MPPT for Uniformly and Partial Shaded PV System by Using JayaDE Algorithm in Highly Fluctuating Atmospheric Conditions

In photovoltaic (PV) array, the output power and the power–voltage (P–V ) characteristic of PV array are totally dependent on the temperature and solar insolation. Therefore, if these atmospheric parameters fluctuate rapidly, then the maximum power point (MPP) of the P–V curve of PV array also fluctuates very rapidly. This rapid fluctuation of the MPP may be in accordance with the uniform shading of the PV panel or may be in accordance to the partially shaded due to the clouds, tall building, trees, and raindrops. However, in both cases, the MPP tracking (MPPT) is not only a nonlinear problem, this becomes a highly nonlinear problem, which solution is time bounded. Because the highly fluctuating atmospheric conditions change the P–V characteristic after every small time duration. This paper introduces a hybrid of “Jaya” and “differential evolution (DE)” (JayaDE) technique for MPPT in the highly fluctuating atmospheric conditions. This JayaDE algorithm is tested on MATLAB simulator and is verified on a developed hardware of the solar PV system, which consists of a single peak and many multiple peaks in the voltage–power curve. Moreover, the tracking ability is compared with the recent state of the art methods. The satisfactory steady-state and dynamic performances of this new hybrid technique under variable irradiance and temperature levels show the superiority over the state-of-the-art control methods.

Performance of grid interfaced solar PV system under variable solar intensity

This paper proposes an enhanced phase locked loop (EPLL) based control algorithm of a double stage solar photovoltaic (PV) grid interfaced power generating system, which also mitigates power quality problems in 3P4W (three phase, four wire) distribution system. The proposed solar PV grid interfaced system consists of solar PV array, boost converter, four-leg voltage source converter (VSC) and connected linear/nonlinear loads. The proposed solar PV power generating system provides load balancing, eliminates harmonics, corrects the power factor, and regulates at PCC (Point of Common Coupling) voltages under different loads. Proposed solar PV grid interfaced power generating system is modeled and simulated in the MATLAB and results are shown to validate the design and control for feeding 3P4W loads with improved power quality.

Better Control for a Solar Energy System: Using Improved Enhanced Phase-Locked Loop-Based Control Under Variable Solar Intensity

An improved enhanced phase-locked loop (EPL)-based control algorithm for a double-stage solar photovoltaic (PV) grid-interfaced powergenerating system is presented in this article. It also mitigates power quality (PQ) problems in a three-phase, four-wire (3P4W) distribution system under variable solar intensity. The proposed solar PV grid-interfaced system consists of a solar PV array, a boost converter, a four-leg voltage source converter (VSC), and connected linear/nonlinear loads. The suggested improved EPLbased synchronization method is implemented to meet grid requirements such as PQ improvement, distortion-free signals under variable solar intensity, and load unbalancing.

Application of LMS-Based NN Structure for Power Quality Enhancement in a Distribution Network Under Abnormal Conditions

This paper proposes an application of a least mean-square (LMS)-based neural network (NN) structure for the power quality improvement of a three-phase power distribution network under abnormal conditions. It uses a single-layer neuron structure for the control in a distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) to attenuate the harmonics such as noise, bias, notches, dc offset, and distortion, injected in the grid current due to connection of several nonlinear loads. This admittance LMS-based NN structure has a simple architecture which reduces the computational complexity and burden which makes it easy to implement. A DSTATCOM is a custom power device which performs various functionalities such as harmonics attenuation, reactive power compensation, load balancing, zero voltage regulation, and power factor correction. Other main contribution of this paper involves operation of the system under abnormal conditions of distribution network which means noise and distortion in voltage and imbalance in three-phase voltages at the point of interconnection. For substantiating and demonstrating the performance of proposed control approach, simulations are carried on MATLAB/Simulink software and corresponding experimental tests are conducted on a developed prototype in the laboratory.