Il Gyu Kong

Dietary Habits Are Associated With School Performance in Adolescents

AbstractSeveral studies suggest that dietary habits are associated with poor academic performance. However, few studies have evaluated these relations after adjusting for numerous confounding factors. This study evaluated the frequency of various diet items (fruit, soft drinks, fast foods, instant noodles, confections, vegetables, and milk) and the regularity of meal times (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) all at once.A total of 359,264 participants aged from 12 to 18 years old were pooled from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS) for the 2009 to 2013 period. Dietary habits over the last 7 days were surveyed, including the regularity of consuming breakfast, lunch and dinner and the frequency of eating fruits, soft drinks, fast foods, instant noodles, confections, vegetables, and milk. Physical activity, obesity, region of residence, subjective assessment of health, stress level, economic level, and parental education level were collected from all of the study participants. School performance was classified into 5 levels. The adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of dietary habits for school performance were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression analyses with complex sampling. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the effects of diet factors on school performance while considering the effects of other variables on both diet factors and school performance.Frequent intakes of breakfast (AORu200a=u200a2.34, 95% confidence interval [CI]u200a=u200a2.20–2.48), fruits (AORu200a=u200a1.73, 95% CIu200a=u200a1.62–1.86), vegetables (AORu200a=u200a1.48, 95% CIu200a=u200a1.37–1.61), and milk (AORu200a=u200a1.35, 95% CIu200a=u200a1.28–1.43) were related to high levels of school performance (each with Pu200a<u200a0.001). In contrast, soft drinks (AORu200a=u200a0.42, 95% CIu200a=u200a0.38–0.46), instant noodles (AORu200a=u200a0.62, 95% CIu200a=u200a0.55–0.70), fast food (AORu200a=u200a0.83, 95% CIu200a=u200a0.72–0.96), and confectionary (AORu200a=u200a0.86, 95% CIu200a=u200a0.80–0.93) were negatively associated with school performance (each with Pu200a<u200a0.001).This study confirms previous studies of school performance and dietary habits that find a positive association with eating breakfast and consuming fruits and milk and a negative relation with soft drinks, instant noodles, fast foods, and confections.

Physical Activity, Study Sitting Time, Leisure Sitting Time, and Sleep Time Are Differently Associated With Obesity in Korean Adolescents: A Population-Based Study.

AbstractLow physical activity, long leisure sitting time, and short sleep time are risk factors for obesity, but the association with study sitting time is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between these factors and obesity.We analyzed the association between physical activity, study sitting time, leisure sitting time, and sleep time and subject weight (underweight, healthy weight, overweight, and obese), using data from a large population-based survey, the 2013 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. Data from 53,769 participants were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression analyses with complex sampling. Age, sex, region of residence, economic level, smoking, stress level, physical activity, sitting time for study, sitting time for leisure, and sleep time were adjusted as the confounders.Low physical activity (adjusted odds ratios [AORs]u200a=u200a1.03, 1.12) and long leisure sitting time (AORsu200a=u200a1.15, 1.32) were positively associated with overweight and obese. Low physical activity (AORu200a=u200a1.33) and long leisure sitting time (AORu200a=u200a1.12) were also associated with underweight. Study sitting time was negatively associated with underweight (AORu200a=u200a0.86) but was unrelated to overweight (AORu200a=u200a0.97, 95% confidence interval [CI]u200a=u200a0.91–1.03) and obese (AORu200a=u200a0.94, 95% CIu200a=u200a0.84–1.04). Sleep time (<6u200ahours; ≥6u200ahours, <7u200ahours; ≥7u200ahours, <8u200ahours) was adversely associated with underweight (AORsu200a=u200a0.67, 0.79, and 0.88) but positively associated with overweight (AORsu200a=u200a1.19, 1.17, and 1.08) and obese (AORsu200a=u200a1.33, 1.36, and 1.30) in a dose–response relationship.In adolescents, increasing physical activity, decreasing leisure sitting time, and obtaining sufficient sleep would be beneficial in maintaining a healthy weight. However, study sitting time was not associated with overweight or obese.

Immediate and Sustained Improvement in Behavior and Life Quality by Adenotonsillectomy in Children With Sleep-Disordered Breathing

Objectives To investigate longitudinal changes in behavior and quality-of-life (QoL) in children with sleep disordered breathing (SDB) after adenotonsillectomy (AT). Methods This study prospectively enrolled 148 children who underwent AT for SDB. Caregivers filled out Korean attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) rating scale (K-ARS) and Korean version of the obstructive sleep apnea-18 (KOSA-18) at preoperative 1 day, postoperative 1 month, and postoperative 6 months. Longitudinal changes in K-ARS and KOSA-18 were evaluated and compared among subgroups. Results Both K-ARS and KOSA-18 scores improved immediately at postoperative 1 month and were maintained at postoperative 6 months. The mean preoperative K-ARS scores of the non-ADHD, ADHD-trait, and overt-ADHD groups showed uniformly immediate and sustained improvements. Also, the mean preoperative KOSA-18 scores of the small, moderate, and large impact groups were significantly improved both at postoperative 1 month and 6 months. The changes in behavior and QoL showed no significant differences with regard to the aforementioned factors. Conclusion After AT, we may expect immediate and sustained improvements in behavior and QoL in children with SDB regardless of preoperative symptom severity. Moreover, by performing AT, improvements in behavior and QoL are expected regardless of sex, age, allergic trait, or concurrent coblation-assisted turbinoplasty. These findings may help our colleague physicians counselling pediatric SDB patients and their caregivers.

Analysis of ingested foreign bodies according to age, type, and location: a retrospective observational study.

This study aimed to analyse the types and locations of ingested foreign bodies according to different age groups, from infants to the elderly.

Desmoid tumor arising from omohyoid muscle: The first report for unusual complication after transaxillary robotic thyroidectomy.

Transaxillary robotic (TAR) thyroidectomy has been performed for better aesthetic results by many surgeons. In this report, we describe a rare case of a desmoid tumor developed after TAR thyroidectomy, which is speculated to be a late‐term complication.

Bidirectional association between gastroesophageal reflux disease and depression: Two different nested case-control studies using a national sample cohort

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the associations between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and depression using a national sample cohort of the Korean population. Data were collected from individuals ≥20 years old in the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort between 2002 and 2013. We designed two different nested case-control studies. In study I, 60,957 participants with depression were matched at a 1:4 ratio with 243,828 controls, and their previous histories of GERD were analyzed. In study II, 133,089 participants with GERD were matched at a 1:2 ratio with 266,178 controls, and their previous histories of depression were analyzed. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were analyzed using unconditional logistic regression analyses, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Subgroup analyses were performed according to age and sex. The adjusted OR for GERD was 2.01 (95% CIu2009=u20091.96–2.07) in the patients with depression (study I). The adjusted OR for depression was 1.48 (95% CIu2009=u20091.43–1.52) in the patients with GERD (study II). The results of the subgroup analyses were consistent. GERD and depression displayed bidirectional associations.

Chronic rhinosinusitis increases the risk of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke: A longitudinal follow-up study using a national sample cohort

Background Several studies have reported that chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) increases the risk of stroke. The aim of this study is to elucidate the putative association between CRS and stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) using large population-based national health insurance data. Methods Using the national cohort study from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, CRS patients (n = 22,959) and control participants (n = 91,836) were selected and matched at a rate of 1:4 (age, sex, income, region, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia). A Cox-proportional hazard model was used to analyze the hazard ratio (HR) of CRS for hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke. We divided the participants according to age and gender for the subgroup analysis. Results The HR for hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke was significantly increased in the CRS patients compared to that in the controls (adjusted HR = 2.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.10–2.80 for hemorrhagic stroke; adjusted HR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.61–1.92 for ischemic stroke) after adjusting for age, sex, income, region of residence, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, ischemic heart disease, migraine, chronic kidney disease, depression, sleep disorder, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. In the subgroup analysis, the HR of hemorrhagic stroke was significantly increased in the CRS group regardless of age and gender. The HR of ischemic stroke was also significantly increased in all subgroups of the CRS group. Conclusion CRS consistently increased the risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke regardless of age and gender.

Leisure sedentary time is differentially associated with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia depending on occupation

BackgroundSedentary behavior is considered an independent cause of cardio-metabolic diseases, regardless of physical activity level and obesity. Few studies have reported the association between leisure sedentary time and cardio-vascular diseases in terms of occupation.MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional study using data from the Korean Community Health Survey (KCHS) for 240,086 participants assessed in 2011 and 2013. Occupation was categorized into four groups: farmer or fisherman, laborer, and soldier (Group I); service worker, salesperson, technician, mechanic, production worker, and engineer (Group II); manager, expert, specialist, and clerk (Group III); and unemployed (Group IV). Leisure sedentary time was divided into five groups: 0xa0h, 1xa0h, 2xa0h, 3xa0h, and 4+ h. The association between leisure sedentary time on weekdays and hypertension/diabetes mellitus/hyperlipidemia for different occupations was analyzed using simple and multiple logistic regression analyses with complex sampling.ResultsIn Groups I, II and III, no length of sedentary time was associated with hypertension, and only 3xa0h or 4+ h of sedentary time was associated with diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia. Group IV showed a significant association with hypertension and diabetes mellitus for the 2xa0h, 3xa0h, and 4+ h sedentary times.ConclusionsThe unemployed are more susceptible than other occupation groups to cardio-metabolic diseases when leisure time is sedentary.

Olfactory Dysfunction Is Associated with the Intake of Macronutrients in Korean Adults.

Background Olfactory function can impact food selection. However, few large population-based studies have investigated this effect across different age groups. The objective of this study was to assess the association between subjective olfactory dysfunction (anosmia or hyposmia) and macronutrient intake. Methods A total of 24,990 participants aged 20 to 98 years were evaluated based on data collected through the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2008 through 2012. Olfactory dysfunction was surveyed using a self-reported questionnaire, and the nutritional status was assessed through a validated 24-hour recall method. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses with complex sampling were performed to evaluate the relationships between olfactory dysfunction and protein intake (daily protein intake/recommended protein intake [%]), carbohydrate intake (daily carbohydrate intake/total calories [%]), and fat intake (daily fat intake/total calories [%]) after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, income, smoking history, alcohol consumption, and stress level. Results Olfactory dysfunction was reported by 5.4% of Korean adults and was found to be associated with decreased fat consumption (estimated value [EV] of fat intake [%] = -0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.13 to -0.13, P = 0.045). A subgroup analysis according to age and sex revealed that among young females, olfactory dysfunction was associated with reduced fat consumption (EV = -2.30, 95% CI = -4.16 to -0.43, P = 0.016) and increased carbohydrate intake (EV = 2.80, 95% CI = 0.55 to 5.05, P = 0.015), and that among middle-aged females, olfactory dysfunction was also associated with reduced fat intake (EV = -1.26, 95% CI = -2.37 to -0.16, P = 0.025). In contrast, among young males, olfactory dysfunction was associated with reduced protein intake (EV = -26.41 95% CI = -45.14 to -7.69, P = 0.006). Conclusion Olfactory dysfunction was associated with reduced fat intake. Moreover, olfactory dysfunction exerted differential effects on eating behavior depending on age and sex.

Increased risk of sudden sensory neural hearing loss in osteoporosis: A longitudinal follow up study.

ContextnThe results of a previous population cohort study suggested an association between osteoporosis and sudden sensory neural hearing loss (SSNHL).nnnObjectivesnTo use a nationwide cohort in the Korean population to investigate the risk of SSNHL in patients with osteoporosis.nnnDesign, Setting, and ParticipantsnData entered from 2002 to 2013 were collected from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort. A total of 68,241 patients with osteoporosis aged ≥50 years were matched with 68,241 control individuals. The crude (simple) and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of SSNHL in those with osteoporosis were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazard model. A subgroup analysis was performed according to age and sex.nnnResultsnThe risk of SSNHL was greater in the osteoporosis group than in the control group (adjusted HR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.37 to 1.78; P < 0.001). The risk of SSNHL in those with osteoporosis was greater in patients aged <60 years, regardless of sex. Women aged ≥60 years had a higher HR for SSNHL in the presence of osteoporosis (women aged 60 to 69 years: adjusted HR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.34 to 2.08; P < 0.001; women aged ≥70 years: adjusted HR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.29 to 2.79; P < 0.001).nnnConclusionsnThe risk of SSNHL was greater for patients with osteoporosis aged ≥50 years. Middle-age adults, as well as the elderly, are at an increased risk of SSNHL in the presence of osteoporosis.