Ilse Castro-Aragon

Various sonographic appearances of the hemorrhagic corpus luteum cyst.

Abstract: Although hemorrhagic corpus luteum cysts are frequently seen during sonography of the female pelvis, their diagnosis is often challenging as a result of variations in size, thickness of the cyst wall, and internal echo pattern depending on the formation and lysis of the clot. There are cases in which hemoperitoneum is the most obvious finding. The differential diagnosis is extensive and includes ectopic pregnancy, adnexal torsion, neoplasm, and pelvic inflammatory disease. This review describes and illustrates the diverse appearances of the hemorrhagic corpus luteum, as well as other etiologies of adnexal pathology that can mimic the appearance of a hemorrhagic corpus luteum sonographically.

Sonography of the Pediatric Scrotum: Emphasis on the Ts—Torsion, Trauma, and Tumors

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to review the different scrotal disease entities in the pediatric population, focusing on acute scrotum, traumatic injuries, and testicular tumors. CONCLUSION Many pediatric scrotal disorders can be well characterized on sonography. An understanding of the various disease entities, their clinical presentations, and the typical sonographic features should all be combined to make an accurate diagnosis.

Diagnostic Imaging in Nontraumatic Pediatric Head and Neck Emergencies

Evaluation of pediatric patients in the emergency setting is complicated by a limited history and physical examination, which often produce findings that overlap with multiple disease processes. Imaging therefore plays a critical role in achieving an accurate and timely diagnosis. Knowledge of the typical clinical and imaging manifestations of common pediatric head and neck emergencies and congenital abnormalities allows the interpreting radiologist to identify the primary cause of the condition as well as any associated complications that may warrant immediate surgical management. The specific imaging protocol depends on the patients clinical status. Radiography, ultrasonography, and contrast material-enhanced computed tomography all may be appropriate modalities for an initial examination. In especially difficult or complex cases, magnetic resonance imaging may offer additional detail with respect to the extent of disease.

Imaging of Cervical Lymphadenopathy in Children and Young Adults

OBJECTIVE This article describes the role of imaging in evaluating cervical lymphadenopathy in patients from birth to their mid-20s, illustrates imaging features of normal and abnormal lymph nodes, and highlights nodal imaging features and head and neck findings that assist in diagnosis. CONCLUSION Cervical lymph node abnormalities are commonly encountered clinically and on imaging in children and young adults. Although imaging findings can lack specificity, nodal characteristics and associated head and neck imaging findings can assist in determining the underlying cause.

Ultrasound-guided needle localization to aid foreign body removal in pediatric patients.

Patients with podiatric foreign body injury commonly present to the emergency department. Often, the foreign object cannot be easily located or removed, and radiographs are frequently obtained to aid in localization. In cases requiring tissue dissection to remove the foreign bodies, accurate localization is required for safe removal of small and difficult to visualize bodies. We present 2 pediatric cases in which an ultrasound-guided needle localization technique was used to facilitate successful removal of small, difficult to visualize foreign bodies from the plantar foot. Ultrasound-guided needle localization reduced the required incision length and depth and helped to minimize the risk of damage to surrounding tissue.

Conservative management of a uterine arteriovenous malformation diagnosed in pregnancy.

Uterine arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are usually diagnosed in women with unexplained vaginal bleeding and are frequently life threatening. 1 , 2 When AVMs are diagnosed during pregnancy, there is concern that they could grow or bleed. 3 - 6 To our best knowledge, there has been no reported case of an initial diagnosis of an asymptomatic AVM in a pregnant woman with a normal outcome. This case illustrates our experience with conservative management of a uterine AVM.

Expected Sonographic Appearance of the Spleen in Children and Young Adults With Sickle Cell Disease An Update

: To update the imaging literature regarding spleen appearances in young patients with sickle cell disease (SCD).

How Does Imaging of Congenital Zika Compare with Imaging of Other TORCH Infections

The acronym TORCH is used to refer to congenital infections, such as toxoplasmosis, other infections (such as syphillis, varicella-zoster, and parvovirus B19), cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus. The classic findings in patients with TORCH infections include rash in the mother during pregnancy and ocular findings in the newborn. Zika virus has emerged as an important worldwide congenital infection. It fits well with other congenital TORCH infections since there is a rash in the mother and there are commonly ocular abnormalities in the newborn. TORCH infections are recognized to have neurologic effects, such as ventriculomegaly, intraventricular adhesions, subependymal cysts, intracerebral calcifications, and microcephaly; however, the Zika virus is intensely neurotropic. Thus, it targets neural progenitor cells, leading to a more severe spectrum of central nervous system abnormalities than is typically seen in other TORCH infections, while relatively sparing the other organ systems. In this review, nonspecific findings of congenital infections initially will be described, then individual TORCH infections will be described and compared with the imaging findings associated with congenital Zika virus infection. For the radiologist, awareness of imaging features of common congenital infections may facilitate early diagnosis and may, at times, lead to prompt initiation of therapy. Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Hypo-pharyngeal distension in an extremely low birth weight preterm infant

A preterm male infant was born at 25 weeks gestation weighing 780 g by emergency caesarean section to a multiparous woman presenting in active labour with breech presentation. The infant needed some initial resuscitation by bag and mask ventilation followed by commencement of nasal bubble continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in the delivery room. Orogastric tube was placed …