İlter İlhan

Impact of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the testicular inflammatory pathway biomarkers in young rats: The role of gallic acid

The aim of this study was to investigate electromagnetic radiation (EMR) transmitted by wireless devices (2.45 GHz), which may cause physiopathological or ultrastructural changes, in the testes of rats. We addressed if the supplemental gallic acid (GA) may reduce these adverse effects. Six‐week‐old male Sprague Dawley rats were used in this study. Forty eight rats were equally divided into four groups, which were named: Sham, EMR only (EMR, 3 h day−1 for 30 days), EMR + GA (30 mg/kg/daily), and GA (30 mg/kg/daily) groups. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and total oxidant status (TOS) levels increased (p = 0.001 for both) in EMR only group. TOS and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels decreased in GA treated group significantly (p = 0.001 and p = 0.045, respectively). Total antioxidant status (TAS) activities decreased in EMR only group and increased in GA treatment group (p = 0.001 and p = 0.029, respectively). Testosterone and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels decreased in EMR only group, but this was not statistically significant. Testosterone and VEGF levels increased in EMR+GA group, compared with EMR only group (p = 0.002), and also increased in GA group compared with the control and EMR only group (p = 0.044 and p = 0.032, respectively). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and calcitonin gene releated peptide (CGRP) staining increased in tubules of the testes in EMR only group (p < 0.001 for both) and decreased in tubules of the testes in EMR+GA group (p < 0.001 for all parameters). In EMR only group, most of the tubules contained less spermatozoa, and the spermatozoon counts decreased in tubules of the testes. All these findings and the regenerative reaction, characterized by mitotic activity, increased in seminiferous tubules cells of the testes in EMR+GA group (p < 0.001). Long term EMR exposure resulted in testicular physiopathology via oxidative damage and inflammation. GA may have ameliorative effects on the prepubertal rat testes physiopathology.

The impact of alpha-lipoic acid on amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity

Abstract Amikacin (AK) is an antibacterial drug, but it has remarkable nephrotoxic and ototoxic side effects due to increase in reactive oxygen radicals. This study was established to determine the possible protective effects of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a powerful antioxidant, on AK-induced nephrotoxicity. Three different groups of rats (n = 6) were administered saline (control), AK (1.2 g/kg, intraperitoneally), ALA (100 mg/kg, p.o.) and AK combination (ALA one day before the AK for five days). Renal function, oxidative stress markers and histological changes were evaluated at the end of the experiment. Malondialdehyde was increased as an indicator of free radical formation in AK-induced group and decreased with ALA treatment. While catalase activity was increased significantly, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were not statistically significant increased with ALA treatment. The result showed that AK enhanced levels of urea, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen in serum significantly. Administration of ALA reduced these levels of biochemical markers. Histopathological observations were confirmed by biochemical findings. In conclusion, ALA is suggested to be a potential candidate to ameliorate AK-induced nephrotoxicity.

Are there any remarkable effects of prenatal exposure to food colourings on neurobehaviour and learning process in rat offspring

Abstract Objective Artificial food colourings and additives (AFCAs) have long been discussed to have adverse effects on cognition and behaviour in children. In this study, our aim was to assess the probable side effects of prenatal exposure to colouring food additives on neurobehaviour and spatial learning process. Methods We administered ‘no observable adverse effect levels’ (NOAELs) of common used AFCAs as a mixture (erythrosine, Ponceau 4R, Allura Red AC, Sunset yellow FCF, tartrazine, Amaranth, Brilliant Blue, Azorubine and Indigotine) to female rats before and during gestation and tested their effects on spatial working memory and behaviour in their offspring. Effects of AFCAs on spatial working memory were evaluated by Morris water maze, behavioural and locomotor effects by open-field and forced-swim tests. Results Prenatal exposure to commonly used AFCAs had no adverse effects on spatial working memory; however, assessment of interaction of sex and AFCAs on ‘latency to locate the visible platform’, which was used as a measure of motivation, showed a significant interaction (P < 0.05) on female rats. In addition, AFCAs caused an increase in anxiolytic like effect in the open-field test (P < 0.05) and an increase in mobility time (P < 0.05) in the forced-swim test. We also detected a significant interaction of sex and AFCAs on forced-swim test parameters (P < 0.05). Discussion These findings indicated that prenatal exposure to NOAELs of AFCAs resulted in implicit adverse effects that caused an increase in motility and a decrease in motivation and anxiety in offspring in sex-related manner.

The effects of chronic smoking on lung tissue and the role of alpha lipoic acid

Abstract We investigated the effects of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) on blood and lung tissue exposed chronically to cigarette smoke (CS). Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups. Group 1 was the control group (CON): fresh air was supplied twice daily and 0.1 ml physiological saline was given orally for 8 weeks. Group 2 was exposed to CS: 12 cigarettes were smoked daily at two sessions for 1 h and 0.1 ml saline was given orally for 8 weeks. Group 3 (CS + ALA) was exposed to 12 cigarettes daily in two sessions for 1 h and 100 mg/kg/day ALA was given orally for 8 weeks. DNA damage was assessed using comet analysis; oxidative damage was assessed using ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) from blood; and total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were measured in blood and lung tissue. Histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, and −2α, caspase-3, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) were conducted using lung tissue. The oxidative markers, TOS, OSI and IMA, and the comet analysis score were increased and the TAS level was decreased in the blood of the CS group compared to the CON group. IMA levels in blood, and TOS and OSI levels in the lung were decreased significantly in the CS + ALA group compared to the CS group. We observed increased septal wall thickness, marked and diffuse inflammatory reaction, emphysema, and necrotic cell debris in bronchial and bronchiolar lumens in the CS group. HIF-1α, HIF-2α, caspase-3 and FGF2 expressions were increased, while VEGF expression decreased in the lung tissues of the CS group compared to the CON group. ALA slightly ameliorated the damage caused by chronic exposure to CS in the lungs, but further investigation is needed to determine its possible protective effects at different dosages.

The impact of methotrexate on lung inflammatory and apoptotic pathway biomarkers—The role of gallic acid

BACKGROUNDS The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of methotrexate (MTX) on the lung via inflammatory and apoptotic pathway biomarkers and the role of gallic acid (GA). METHODS In this study, twenty four male Wistar-Albino rats weighing 300-350g were divided into 3 groups as follows; Control group (0.1ml/oral saline, for 7 days+2nd day i.p.). MTX group (20mg/kg, single dose, on 2nd day). MTX+GA group (15mg/kg, orally, for 7 days). Comet analysis, oxidant-antioxidant status, IMA were conducted. Histopathological analyses were evaluated. RESULTS Comet assay on the blood, TOS and OSI values in the lung were increased in the group II compared with the control group (p<0.05). GA significantly reduced the comet score and IMA levels in the blood, TOS and OSI values in the lung tissue in group III compared with group II (p<0.05). Immunohistochemically PGE2, TNF-α, CRP, serum SAA, Caspase 3 and Caspase 9 expressions significantly increased in group II compared with the control group (p<0.001) and GA treatment ameliorated these parameters significantly in group III compared with group II (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS MTX caused oxidative stress and DNA damage in the blood tissue and caused oxidative damage, inflammation and apoptosis in the lung tissue.

The impact of electromagnetic radiation (2.45 GHz, Wi-Fi) on the female reproductive system: The role of vitamin C

The present study investigated the effects of applied continuous 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation (EMR), which might cause physiopathological or morphological changes in the ovarian, fallopian tubal, and uterine tissues of rats. We proposed that the addition of vitamin C (Vit C) may reduce these severe effects. Eighteen female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups with six animals in each: Sham, EMR (EMR, 1 h/day for 30 days), and EMR + Vit C (EMR, 1 h/day for 30 days 250 mg/kg/daily). Total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels increased (p = 0.011 and p = 0.002, respectively) in the EMR-only group in ovarian tissues. In all tissues, TOS and OSI levels significantly decreased in the Vit C-treated group in ovarian, fallopian tubal, and uterine tissues (p < 0.05). Anti-müllerian hormone levels significantly increased in the EMR group (p < 0.05) and decreased in the Vit C-treated groups. Estrogen (E2) levels were unchanged in the EMR group, as the differences were not statistically significant. Immunohistochemical examination of the ovaries revealed significant increases in Caspase-3 expressions in the epithelial cells of the EMR group (p < 0.05). In the EMR group, hyperemia was observed in uterine tissues. Also, Caspase-3 and Caspase-8 were significantly increased in the EMR group (p < 0.001). Caspase-3 was significantly diminished with Vit C application in the ovarian and uterine tissues (p < 0.05). Caspase-8 was significantly diminished only in uterine tissues (p < 0.05). These results indicate that prolonged EMR exposure induced physiopathological changes in the ovarian, fallopian tubal, and uterine tissues due to oxidative damage. Under the conditions of this study, Vit C may have protective effects on female reproductive system against oxidative damage.

GÖKKUŞAĞI ALABALIĞI (Oncorhynchus mykiss) YEMLERİNE FARKLI ORANLARDA İLAVE EDİLEN KANTARON YAĞININ (Hypericum perforatum) BÜYÜME PERFORMANSI, BAZI ÇEVRESEL STRES PARAMETRELERİ VE ANTİOKSİDAN AKTİVİTESİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ

 Bu calismada juvenil gokkusagi alabaligi ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) yemlerine ilave edilen sari kantaron ( Hypericum perforatum ) yaginin buyume performansi, bazi cevresel stres parametreleri ve antioksidan aktivitesi uzerine etkileri arastirilmistir. Calisma 0 mL/kg (kontrol grubu) ve 1 mL/kg, 2 mL/kg, 3 ml/kg oranlarinda kantaron yagi iceren yem gruplari ile 3 tekerrurlu olarak olusturularak 500 litrelik dikdortgen fiberglas tanklarda 20g ortalama baslangic agirligina sahip juvenil alabalik bireyleriyle 90 gun boyunca surdurulmustur. Deneme sonucunda elde edilen parametrelerden, toplam ortalama canli agirlik artisi 88,86-90,97 (g), spesifik buyume orani 1.85-1.86 ( % gun -1 ) , yem donusum orani 1.02-1.07, yasama orani %97-100, yem donusum etkinligi 98.89-100.05, kondisyon faktoru 1.23-1.24, total antioksidan duzeyi 1.96-2.07 (µmol Trolox equivalents/L), total oksidan duzeyi 1,10-1,70 (µmol H 2 O 2 equivalent/L), oksidatif stres indeksi 56.15-81.44 (TOS/TAS*100), glikoz duzeyi 73.00-76.66 (mg/dL), kortizol duzeyi 0.78-1.13 (µ/dL), lizozim enziminin olusturdugu zon capi 0.90-1.08 (cm) araliklarinda belirlenmistir. Yem gruplarinin total oksidan duzeyi ve oksidatif stres indeksi parametreleri istatistiksel acidan farklilik gostermistir (p 0.05) oksidan duzeyi ve oksidatif stres indeksi duzeylerinde olumlu etkiler gozlenmistir.