Ingrid Volløyhaug

Pelvic organ prolapse and incontinence 15–23 years after first delivery: a cross-sectional study

To study the association between pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) and mode of delivery and to calculate the risks of PFD comparing caesarean delivery and operative vaginal delivery to normal vaginal delivery 15–23 years after childbirth. A subgroup analysis comparing forceps and vacuum delivery was planned.

Forceps delivery is associated with increased risk of pelvic organ prolapse and muscle trauma: a cross‐sectional study 16–24 years after first delivery

To study possible associations between mode of delivery and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and pelvic floor muscle trauma 16–24 years after first delivery and, in particular, to identify differences between forceps and vacuum delivery.

Assessment of pelvic floor muscle contraction with palpation, perineometry and transperineal ultrasound: a cross-sectional study.

To study the correlation between palpation, perineometry and transperineal ultrasound for assessment of pelvic floor muscle contraction and to define a contraction scale for ultrasound measurements.

Is bladder neck and urethral mobility associated with urinary incontinence and mode of delivery 4 years after childbirth

To study changes in bladder neck, urethral mobility and urinary incontinence (UI) from pregnancy to 4 years postpartum and demonstrate any association to mode of delivery or presence of levator ani muscle (LAM) injury. Secondly, we aimed to correlate bladder neck and urethral mobility to UI symptoms.

Obstetric anal sphincter injury and incontinence 15–23 years after vaginal delivery

The primary aim was to study prevalence of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) after normal vaginal deliveries (NVD) and operative vaginal deliveries (OVD) with a subgroup analysis of forceps (FD) vs. vacuum deliveries (VD). The secondary aim was to study the association between OASIS and anal incontinence 15–23 years later.

Anal sphincter defects and fecal incontinence 15–24 years after first delivery: a cross‐sectional study

To establish the prevalence of external (EAS) and internal (IAS) anal sphincter defects present 15–24 years after childbirth according to mode of delivery, and their association with development of fecal incontinence (FI). The study additionally aimed to compare the proportion of women with obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) reported at delivery with the proportion of women with sphincter defect detected on ultrasound 15–24 years later.

Association between pelvic floor muscle trauma and contraction in parous women from a general population - a cross sectional study: A cross-sectional study

To study possible associations between pelvic floor muscle contraction, levator ani muscle (LAM) trauma and/or pelvic organ prolapse (POP) ≥ Stage 2 in parous women recruited from a general population.

Levator ani morphology and function in women who have sustained obstetric anal sphincter injuries

To estimate the prevalence of, and explore the risk factors for, levator ani muscle (LAM) injury in women with clinically diagnosed obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI). The secondary aim was to assess the association between LAM injury and pelvic floor muscle contraction, anal incontinence (AI) and urinary incontinence (UI) in women with OASI.

Authors' reply re: Pelvic organ prolapse and incontinence 15-23 years after first delivery: a cross-sectional study.

1 Volløyhaug I, Mørkved S, Salvesen Ø, Salvesen K. Pelvic organ prolapse and incontinence 15– 23 years after first delivery: a cross-sectional study. BJOG 2015;122:964–71. 2 Segedi LM1, Ili c KP, Curci c A, Visnjevac N. Quality of life in women with pelvic floor dysfunction. Vojnosanit Pregl 2011;68: 940–7. 3 Rortveit G, Daltveit AK, Hannestad YS, Hunskaar S. Urinary incontinence after vaginal delivery or cesarean section. N Engl J Med 2003;348:900–7.