Inmaculada García-Mainar

Gender Differences in Childcare: Time Allocation in Five European Countries

Abstract This article analyses the intrahousehold allocation of time in households headed by heterosexual couples to show gender differences in childcare in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. Using data for the five sample countries from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP; 1994–2001) and the framework of a general efficiency approach, each parents hours spent on childcare are regressed against individual and household characteristics. Empirical results show a clear inequality in childcare between fathers and mothers, with this disparity being more evident in Mediterranean countries. Panel data estimates reveal that, in general, caring tasks are mainly influenced by the presence of young children in the household, by the total nonlabor income, and by the ratio of mothers nonlabor income to familys nonlabor income, with this latter variable exhibiting different behavior across genders and across countries.

The Spanish Wage Curve: 1994-1996

GARCíA-MAINAR I. and MONTUENGA-GÓMEZ V. M. (2003) The Spanish wage curve: 1994–1996, Reg. Studies 37, 929– 945. In this paper, we estimate a wage curve for Spain using data from the European Community Household Panel, which provides microinformation for the period 1994–96. By refining the unemployment rate measure, we find an unemployment elasticity of wages not very far from that encountered in other developed countries. We argue that these results correspond to a disequilibrium representation of the regional unemployment structure, in which unemployment differentials tend to persist over time.GARCíA-MAINAR I. et M ONTUENGA-GÓMEZ V. M. (2003) La courbe des salaires en Espagne de 1994 à 1996, Reg. Studies 37, 929–945. A partir des données provenant du European Community Household Panel (échantillon permanent auprès des ménages dans la Communauté éuropéenne), cet article cherche à estimer une courbe des salaires pour lEspagne qui fournit des renseignements microéconomiques sur la période qui va de 1994 à 1996. En raffinant la mesure du taux de chômage, il savère une élasticité des salaires par rapport au chômage qui sapproche de celle observée dans dautres pays dé veloppés. On affirme que ces résultats constituent une représentation du déséquilibre quant à la structure régionale du chômage, où les écarts du chômage ont tendance à persister sur le temps. GARCíA-MAINAR I. und MONTUENGA- GÓMEZ V. M. (2003) Die spanische Lohnkurve im Zeitraum 1994–1996, Reg. Studies 37, 929– 945. In diesem Aufsatz wird mit Hilfe des Haushaltsausschusses der europäischen Gemeinschaft eine Lohnkurve für Spanien berechnet, die Mikroinformation für den Zeitraum 1994–1996 liefert. Durch Verfeinerung des Begriffes Erwerbslosenrate wird eine Erwerbslosigkeitselastizität von Löhnen festgestellt, die nicht sehr weit hinter der anderer Industrieländer zurücksteht. Die Autoren stellen die Behauptung auf, daß dies Ergebnisse einer unterschiedlich gewichteten Darstellung der regionalen Erwerbslosigkeitsstruktur entsprechen, in der Unterschiede meist lange fortbestehen.

Occupational prestige and gender-occupational segregation

The purpose of this article is to determine whether there is a relationship between the proportion of women working in an occupation and the prestige assigned to that occupation. Based on a representative sample of Spanish employees from the Spanish Quality of Working Life Survey, pooled-sample data (2007–2010) are used to show that occupations with larger shares of women present lower prestige, controlling for a set of objective individual and work-related variables, and self-assessed indicators of working conditions. However, the results obtained do not support the devaluation theory since an inverted-U relationship between female share and occupational prestige is observed. This conclusion holds even after passing a battery of robustness checks.