Ioan Mihai

Capillary layer structure effect upon heat transfer in flat heat pipes

The research presented in this paper aimed to determine the maximum heat transfer a heat pipe can achieve. To that purpose the structure of the capillary layer which can be deposited on the walls of the heat pipe was investigated. For the analysis of different materials that can produce capillarity, the present study takes into account the optimal thickness needed for this layer so that the accumulated fluid volume determines a maximum heat transfer. Two materials that could be used to create a capillary layer for the heat pipes, were investigated, one formed by sintered copper granules (the same material by which the heat pipe is formed) and a synthetic material (cellulose sponge) which has high absorbing proprieties. In order to experimentally measure and visualize the surface characteristics for the considered capillary layers, laser profilometry was employed.

Atomization of liquid droplets in multipoint injection

The present paper aims to investigate the atomization process of a liquid that turns into very small drops due to high pressures. Liquid drops in motion encounter a coaxial gas flow of different speed and temperature. It is of interest to study the way the liquid jet first breaks into droplets in the vicinity of the nozzle, and then how the droplet atomization process occurs. The evolution of droplet size and velocity throughout the flow must be determined. It is necessary to make a connection between the mechanisms which start the atomization process and the corresponding environmental conditions. The influences of average droplet diameter, gas velocity and liquid surface tensions in the atomization process are analyzed. It was hypothesized that Rayleigh-Taylor instability occurs as the dominant mechanism for the formation of primary droplets. The present work seeks to eliminate the empirical correlations adopted for the atomization, and to determine droplet size by analytical calculation, based on the working environment parameters.

Modeling of heat transfer in microchannels of a CPU-heat sink cooling system

Electronic equipment cooling processes require development of more and more complex systems. In order to achieve adequate cooling, phenomena like Joule Thomson, Peltier or the thermal tube principle are now employed. Correct Central processing unit (CPU) functioning imposes use of efficient heat exchangers. Experimental investigations showed a different behavior for heat radiators, depending on the flow channels configuration and chosen route for the air circulated by the system fan. For the present study, the adopted mathematical model takes into consideration several aspects, such as flow regime, air viscosity, microchannel physical parameters and characteristics of CPU-cooler interface material. Temperature variations in CPU area were analytically calculated starting from a Holman model, completed by resolution of Fourier equations for a stationary unidirectional regime, with parallel flat walls, and internal heat sources. The CPU was assumed to generate all the heat. A CPU cooling system behavior was investigated using a heat transfer model, created in ANSYS, for the above-mentioned conditions.

Influence of the cooling degree upon performances of internal combustion engine

Up to present, air cooling systems still raise several unsolved problems due to conditions imposed by the environment in terms of temperature and pollution levels. The present paper investigates the impact of the engine cooling degree upon its performances, as important specific power is desired for as low as possible fuel consumption. A technical solution advanced by the authors[1], consists of constructing a bi-flux compressor, which can enhance the engine’s performances. The bi-flux axial compressor accomplishes two major functions, that is it cools down the engine and it also turbocharges it. The present paper investigates the temperature changes corresponding to the fresh load, during the use of a bi-flux axial compressor. This compressor is economically simple, compact, and offers an optimal response at low rotational speeds of the engine, when two compression steps are used. The influence of the relative coefficient of air temperature drop upon working agent temperature at the intercooler exit is also investigated in the present work. The variation of the thermal load coefficient by report to the working agent temperature is also investigated during engine cooling. The variation of the average combustion temperature is analyzed in correlation to the thermal load coefficient and the temperatures of the working fluid at its exit from the cooling system. An exergetic analysis was conducted upon the influence of the cooling degree on the motor fluid and the gases resulted from the combustion process.

Convection's enhancement in thermal micro pipes using extra fluid and shape memory material

Up to now, there have been developed various applications of thermal micro pipes[1-3], such as refrigerating systems, high heat flux electronics cooling, and biological devices etc., based on vacuum vaporization followed by a convective phenomenon that allows vapor transfer from the vaporization area to the condensation one. This article presents studies carried out on the enhancement of the convective phenomenon taking place in flat thermal micro pipes. The proposed method[4] is aimed at the cooling of power electronics components, such as microprocessors. The conducted research focused on the use of shape memory materials that allow, by a semi-active method, to bring extra fluid in the vaporization area of the thermal micro pipe. The conducted investigations analyzed the variation of the liquid layer thickness in the trapezoidal micro channels and the thermal flow change over time. The modification of liquid flow was studied in correlation with the capacity of the polysynthetic material to retain the most extra fluid in its pores. The enhancement of the convective heat transfer phenomenon in flat thermal micro pipes was investigated in correspondence to the increase of liquid quantity in the vaporization zone. The charts obtained by aid of Mathcad[5] allowed to represent the evolution during a period of time (or with the pipe’s length) of the liquid film thickness, the flow and the thermal flow, as a function of the liquid supply variation due to the shape memory materials and the modification of the working temperature.

Studies concerning the effect of large droplets creation during fuel atomization

This paper presents how to form and evolve atomized fuel droplets obtained experimentally for a high wear injector if the injection pressure is below nominal. The emergence and development of large droplet atomization phenomenon in spark-ignition engines are considered an undesirable phenomenon. The presence of large droplets of the atomized fuel leads to the deposition of substances on the surface of the injector nozzle of the spray in the areas of the intake valve and its seat aspects of oxides which give rise to these areas. In addition, there is the possibility of harm in larger quantities than the normal atomization, in which case the operation of the engine and becomes defective. For proper engine operating at the same time ensuring economy, injection equipment must provide a fuel pressure to the maximum prescribed. The article studied how faulty air mixture formation petrol deviations from uniformity is a due injectors waste can generate large drops of fuel. To conduct this study was conducted an experimental stand [1] which allows modification of the duration of injection and its cyclicality. To highlight the injector nozzle wear scans were performed by laser profilometry. Highlighting the large droplets of fuel was performed using rapid shootings.

Experimental investigation of micro heat pipe with extra fluid

The thermal micro pipes which were aimed to the cooling of the electrical systems, were realized until the present day in different constructive ways. If the first thermal pipes had had at the base the thermo-siphon system [1], afterwards it had been developed the thermal micro pipes [2], thanks to their increased capacity of heat dissipation of the surfaces covered by big densities of the thermal flow. The article, presents in the first part, the physical characteristics of the elements which embody a thermal micro pipe and which generates an excess of liquid. For this it has been realized an experimental setup. Measurements were taken by aid of a laser profilometer of the coverage material in two cases. The first one considered the material without being soaked in the liquid, and for the second one, the measurements were taken when the material was supersaturated with liquid. Since the setup allows for temperature monitoring, determinations were effectuated in the vaporization, adiabatic and condensation areas. The temperature field was determined along a thermal micro pipe in the case of extra fluid. The experimental determinations allowed verifying if the method proposed by Mihai and Olariu [3], for cooling of the electronic components, through a semi active method with the share of extra fluid in the vaporization area of the thermal micro pipe, works. It was studied how the temperature modifies in the vaporization and condensation areas and by the contrast of the theoretical results obtained through the evaluation with the experimental ones.

Influence of spray nozzle shape upon atomization process

The atomization process is affected by a number of operating parameters (pressure, viscosity, temperature, etc.) [1-6] and the adopted constructive solution. In this article are compared parameters of atomized liquid jet with two nozzles that have different lifespan, one being new and the other one out. The last statement shows that the second nozzle was monitored as time of operation on the one hand and on the other hand, two dimensional nozzles have been analyzed using laser profilometry. To compare the experimental parameters was carried an experimental stand to change the period and pulse width in injecting liquid through two nozzles. Atomized liquid jets were photographed and filmed quickly. Images obtained were analyzed using a Matlab code that allowed to determine a number of parameters that characterize an atomized jet. Knowing the conditions and operating parameters of atomized jet, will establish a new wastewater nozzle block of parameter values that can be implemented in controller that provides dosing of the liquid injected. Experimental measurements to observe the myriad forms of atomized droplets to a wide range of operating conditions, realized using the electronic control module.

Supercharging an internal combustion engine by aid of a dual-rotor bi-flux axial compressor

Internal combustion engines can be supercharged in order to enhance their performances [1-3]. Engine power is proportional to the quantity of fresh fluid introduced into the cylinder. At present, the general tendency is to try to obtain actual specific powers as high as possible, for as small as possible cylinder capacity, without increasing the generated pollution hazards. The present paper investigates the impact of replacing a centrifugal turbo-compressor with an axial double-rotor bi-flux one [4]. The proposed method allows that for the same number of cylinders, an increase in discharged airflow, accompanied by a decrease in fuel consumption. Using a program developed under the MathCad environment, the present work was aimed at studying the way temperature modifies at the end of isentropic compression under supercharging conditions. Taking into account a variation between extreme limits of the ambient temperature, its influence upon the evolution of thermal load coefficient was analyzed considering the air pressure at the compressor cooling system outlet. This analysis was completed by an exergetical study of the heat evacuated through cylinder walls in supercharged engine conditions. The conducted investigation allows verification of whether significant differences can be observed between an axial, dual-rotor, bi-flux compressor and centrifugal compressors.

Heat transfer within a flat micro heat pipe with extra liquid

In the real functioning of flat micro heat pipe (FMHP), there can appear cases when the temperature from the vaporization zone can exceed a critical value caused by a sudden increase of the thermal flow. The heat transfer which is completed conductively through the copper wall of a FMHP vaporizer causes the vaporization of the work fluid. On the condenser, the condensation of the fluid vapors and the transfer of the condenser to the vaporizer can no longer be achieved. The solution proposed for enhancing heat transfer in the event of blockage phenomenon FMHP, it is the injection of a certain amount of working fluid in the vaporization zone. By this process the working fluid injected into the evaporator passes suddenly in the vapor, producing a cooling zone. The new product additional mass of vapor will leave the vaporization zone and will condense in condensation zone, thereby supplementing the amount of condensation. Thus resumes normal operating cycle of FMHP. For the experimental measurements made for the transfer of heat through the FMHP working fluid demineralized water, they were made two micro-capillary tubes of sintered copper layer. The first was filled with 1ml of demineralized water was dropped under vacuum until the internal pressure has reached a level of 1∙104Pa. The second FMHP was filled with the same amount of working fluid was used and the same capillary inner layer over which was laid a polysynthetic material that will accrue an additional amount of fluid. In this case, the internal pressure was reduced to 1∙104Pa.