Irina Timofeeva

Automated procedure for determination of ammonia in concrete with headspace single-drop micro-extraction by stepwise injection spectrophotometric analysis

A novel automatic stepwise injection headspace single-drop micro-extraction system is proposed as a versatile approach for automated determination of volatile compounds. The system application is demonstrated for ammonia determination in concrete samples. An ammonia gas was produced from ammonium ions and extracted on-line into 5 μL 0.1M H3PO4 to eliminate the interference effect of concrete species on the ammonia stepwise injection spectrophotometric determination. The linear range was 0.1-1 mg kg(-1) with LOD 30 µg kg(-1). The sample throughput was 4 h(-1). This system has been successfully applied for the determination of ammonia in concretes.

Stepwise injection potentiometric determination of caffeine in saliva using single-drop microextraction combined with solvent exchange

A flow potentiometric method for determination of caffeine in saliva is suggested. This task is important for non-invasive assessment of drug metabolizing system activity in hepatocytes. In the current study, stepwise injection analysis (SWIA) was successfully combined with single-drop liquid microextraction (SDLME) and solvent exchange procedure. The method is based on the caffeine SDLME with subsequent solvent evaporation and dissolution of analyte in sulfuric acid followed by potentiometric detection using poly(vinyl chloride) membrane electrode containing potassium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate as electroactive component. SDLME was employed for elimination of interfering matrix effects of saliva and caffeine metabolites such as theophylline, theobromine and paraxanthine. A linear range of 10(-5)-10(-2)M was established for caffeine with detection limit at 6 × 10(-6)M. The sample throughput was 6 samples h(-1). The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of caffeine in saliva and the analytical results agreed well with the results obtained with reference HPLC method.

Flow Analysis: A Novel Approach For Classification

ABSTRACT We suggest a novel approach for classification of flow analysis methods according to the conditions under which the mass transfer processes and chemical reactions take place in the flow mode: dispersion-convection flow methods and forced-convection flow methods. The first group includes continuous flow analysis, flow injection analysis, all injection analysis, sequential injection analysis, sequential injection chromatography, cross injection analysis, multi-commutated flow analysis, multi-syringe flow injection analysis, multi-pumping flow systems, loop flow analysis, and simultaneous injection effective mixing flow analysis. The second group includes segmented flow analysis, zone fluidics, flow batch analysis, sequential injection analysis with a mixing chamber, stepwise injection analysis, and multi-commutated stepwise injection analysis. The offered classification allows systematizing a large number of flow analysis methods. Recent developments and applications of dispersion-convection flow methods and forced-convection flow methods are presented.

Flow analysis with chemiluminescence detection: recent advances and applications

This article highlights the most important developments in flow analysis with chemiluminescence (CL) detection, describing different flow systems that are compatible with CL detection, detector designs, commonly applied CL reactions and approaches to sample treatment. Recent applications of flow analysis with CL detection (focusing on outputs published since 2010) are also presented. Applications are classified by sample matrix, covering foods and beverages, environmental matrices, pharmaceuticals and biological fluids. Comprehensive tables are provided for each area, listing the specific sample matrix, CL reaction used, linear range, limit of detection and sample treatment for each analyte. Finally, recent and emerging trends in the field are also discussed.

Determination of the phenol index of water by stepwise injection analysis with offline preconcentration by extraction chromatography

A procedure for the photometry determination of the phenol index of aqueous media is developed, which involves the preliminary separation of alkylphenols and their derivatives from water samples in sampling. Samples are filtered through an extraction chromatography column containing tributyl phosphate as an active component of the stationary phase followed by their quantification under the conditions of stepwise injection analysis. The detection limit of the method is 0.1 μg/L for simple phenol.