Isabel C. Green

Warm-up on a simulator improves residents' performance in laparoscopic surgery: a randomized trial.

Introduction and hypothesisOur aim was to assess the impact of immediate preoperative laparoscopic warm-up using a simulator on intraoperative laparoscopic performance by gynecologic residents.MethodsEligible laparoscopic cases performed for benign, gynecologic indications were randomized to be performed with or without immediate preoperative warm-up. Residents randomized to warm-up performed a brief set of standardized exercises on a laparoscopic trainer immediately before surgery. Intraoperative performance was scored using previously validated global rating scales. Assessment was made immediately after surgery by attending faculty who were blinded to the warm-up randomization.ResultsWe randomized 237 residents to 47 minor laparoscopic cases (adnexal/ tubal surgery) and 44 to major laparoscopic cases (hysterectomy). Overall, attendings rated upper-level resident performances (postgraduate year [PGY-3, 4]) significantly higher on global rating scales than lower-level resident performances (PGY-1, 2). Residents who performed warm-up exercises prior to surgery were rated significantly higher on all subscales within each global rating scale, irrespective of the difficulty of the surgery. Most residents felt that performing warm-up exercises helped their intraoperative performances.ConclusionPerforming a brief warm-up exercise before a major or minor laparoscopic procedure significantly improved the intraoperative performance of residents irrespective of the difficulty of the case.

Validity and Reliability of the Robotic Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills

OBJECTIVE: Objective Structured Assessments of Technical Skills have been developed to measure the skill of surgical trainees. Our aim was to develop an Objective Structured Assessments of Technical Skills specifically for trainees learning robotic surgery. METHODS: This is a multiinstitutional study conducted in eight academic training programs. We created an assessment form to evaluate robotic surgical skill through five inanimate exercises. Gynecology, general surgery, and urology residents, Fellows, and faculty completed five robotic exercises on a standard training model. Study sessions were recorded and randomly assigned to three blinded judges who scored performance using the assessment form. Construct validity was evaluated by comparing scores between participants with different levels of surgical experience; interrater and intrarater reliability were also assessed. RESULTS: We evaluated 83 residents, nine Fellows, and 13 faculty totaling 105 participants; 88 (84%) were from gynecology. Our assessment form demonstrated construct validity with faculty and Fellows performing significantly better than residents (mean scores 89±8 faculty, 74±17 Fellows, 59±22 residents; P<.01). In addition, participants with more robotic console experience scored significantly higher than those with fewer prior console surgeries (P<.01). Robotic Objective Structured Assessments of Technical Skills demonstrated good interrater reliability across all five drills (mean Cronbachs &agr; 0.79±0.02). Intrarater reliability was also high (mean Spearmans correlation 0.91±0.11). CONCLUSION: We developed a valid and reliable assessment form for robotic surgical skill. When paired with standardized robotic skill drills, this form may be useful to distinguish between levels of trainee performance. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II

A pilot study of surgical training using a virtual robotic surgery simulator.

Training on a virtual reality robotic simulator dry lab robotic surgery platform resulted in significant improvement in time to completion and economy of motion for novice robotic surgeons.

Interventional Therapies for Controlling Pelvic Pain: What is the Evidence?

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) has many potential causes and is often a complex disorder with multiple contributing etiologies. The evaluation and treatment of women with CPP often requires a multidimensional approach. The treatment of CPP consists of two approaches: 1) treatment of pain itself or global treatment, and 2) treatment of disease-specific etiologies. Most often, treatment requires a combination of both approaches. This article reviews recent literature in the global treatment of CPP, including pharmacologic, psychotherapy, and neuroablative, as well as specific interventions for endometriosis, interstitial cystitis, pelvic adhesive disease, adenomyosis, and pelvic venous congestion.

Incorporating resident/fellow training into a robotic surgery program

With the rapid uptake of the robotic approach in gynecologic surgery, a thorough understanding of the technology, including its uses and limitations, is critical to maximize patient outcomes and safety. This review discusses the role of training modalities and development of curricula for robotic surgery. Furthermore, methods for incorporating the entire surgical team and the process of credentialing/maintaining privileges are described. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015;112:684–689.

Virtual reality robotic surgical simulation: an analysis of gynecology trainees.

STUDY OBJECTIVE To analyze the learning curves of gynecology trainees on several virtual reality da Vinci Skills Simulator exercises. DESIGN Prospective cohort pilot study. SETTING Academic hospital-based gynecology training program. PARTICIPANTS Novice robotic surgeons from a gynecology training program. METHODS Novice robotic surgeons from an academic gynecology training program completed 10 repetitions of 4 exercises on the da Vinci Skills Simulator: matchboard, ring and rail, suture sponge, and energy switching. Performance metrics measured included time to completion, economy of instrument movement, excessive force, collisions, master workspace range, missed targets, misapplied energy, critical errors, and overall score. Statistical analyses were conducted to define the learning curve for trainees and the optimal number of repetitions for each exercise. RESULTS A total of 34 participants were enrolled, of which 9 were medical students, 22 were residents, and 3 were fellows. There was a significant improvement in performance between the 1st and 10th repetitions across multiple metrics for all exercises. Senior trainees performed the suture exercise significantly faster than the junior trainees during the first and last repetitions (p = 0.004 and p = 0.003, respectively). However, the performance gap between seniors and juniors narrowed significantly by the 10th repetition. The mean number of repetitions required to achieve performance plateau ranged from 6.4 to 9.3. CONCLUSION Virtual reality robotic simulation improves ability through repetition at all levels of training. Further, a performance plateau may exist during a single training session. Larger studies are needed to further define the most high-yield simulator exercises, the ideal number of repetitions, and recommended intervals between training sessions to improve operative performance.

Needs assessment for electrosurgery training of residents and faculty in obstetrics and gynecology

Background and Objectives: Effective application of electrosurgical techniques requires knowledge of energy sources and electric circuits to produce desired tissue effects. A lack of electrosurgery knowledge may negatively affect patient outcomes and safety. Our objective was to survey obstetrics-gynecology trainees and faculty to assess their basic knowledge of electrosurgery concepts as a needs assessment for formal electrosurgery training. Methods: We performed an observational study with a sample of convenience at 2 academic hospitals (Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Mount Auburn Hospital). Grand rounds dedicated to electrosurgery teaching were conducted at each department of obstetrics and gynecology, where a short electrosurgery multiple-choice examination was administered to attendees. Results: The face validity of the test content was obtained from a gynecologic electrosurgery specialist. Forty-four individuals completed the examination. Test scores were analyzed by level of training to investigate whether scores positively correlated with more advanced career stages. The median test score was 45.5% among all participants (interquartile range, 36.4%–54.5%). Senior residents scored the highest (median score, 54.5%), followed by attendings (median score, 45.5%), junior residents and fellows (median score in both groups, 36.4%), and medical students (median score, 27.3%). Conclusion: Although surgeons have used electrosurgery for nearly a century, it remains poorly understood by most obstetrician-gynecologists. Senior residents, attendings, junior residents, and medical students all show a general deficiency in electrosurgery comprehension. This study suggests that there is a need for formal electrosurgery training. A standardized electrosurgery curriculum with a workshop component demonstrating clinically useful concepts essential for safe surgical practice is advised.

Bimanual Pelvic Examination is Not Sensitive for Fibroid Diagnosis [30G]

INTRODUCTION:Bimanual pelvic examination is often performed for symptoms related to uterine fibroids (UF). We evaluated the clinical utility of this exam at the time of UF diagnosis in a community setting.METHODS:Retrospective sample of women diagnosed with UF between 2006 and 2010 in the Rochester

Visuospatial Aptitude Testing Differentially Predicts Simulated Surgical Skill

OBJECTIVE To determine whether visuospatial perception (VSP) testing is correlated to simulated or intraoperative surgical performance as rated by the American College of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) milestones. DESIGN (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). SETTING Two academic training institutions. PARTICIPANTS Forty-one residents, including 19 from Brigham and Womens Hospital and 22 from the Mayo Clinic, from 3 different specialties: obstetrics and gynecology, general surgery, and urology. INTERVENTION Participants underwent 3 different tests: visuospatial perception testing (VSP), Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) peg transfer, and da Vinci robotic simulation peg transfer. Surgical grading from the ACGME milestones tool was obtained for each participant. Demographic and background information was also collected, including specialty, year of training, previous experience with simulated skills, and surgical interest. Standard statistical analyses were performed using Students t test, and correlations were determined using adjusted linear regression models. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In univariate analysis, Brigham and Womens Hospital and Mayo Clinic training programs differed in times and overall scores for both the FLS peg transfer and da Vinci robotic simulation peg transfer tests (p < .05 for all). In addition, type of residency training affected time and overall score on the robotic peg transfer test. Familiarity with tasks correlated with higher score and faster task completion (p = .05 for all except VSP score). There were no differences in VSP scores by program, specialty, or year of training. In adjusted linear regression modeling, VSP testing was correlated only to robotic peg transfer skills (average time, p = .006; overall score, p = .001). Milestones did not correlate to either VSP or surgical simulation testing. CONCLUSION VSP score was correlated with robotic simulation skills, but not with FLS skills or ACGME milestones. This suggests that the ability of VSP score to predict competence differs between tasks. Therefore, further investigation of aptitude testing is needed, especially before its integration as an entry examination into a surgical subspecialty.