Isabela Coelho

Fish-oil supplementation enhances the effects of strength training in elderly women

BACKGROUND Muscle force and functional capacity generally decrease with aging in the older population, although this effect can be reversed, attenuated, or both through strength training. Fish oil (FO), which is rich in n-3 (omega-3) PUFAs, has been shown to play a role in the plasma membrane and cell function of muscles, which may enhance the benefits of training. The effect of strength training and FO supplementation on the neuromuscular system of the elderly has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the chronic effect of FO supplementation and strength training on the neuromuscular system (muscle strength and functional capacity) of older women. DESIGN Forty-five women (aged 64 ± 1.4 y) were randomly assigned to 3 groups. One group performed strength training only (ST group) for 90 d, whereas the others performed the same strength-training program and received FO supplementation (2 g/d) for 90 d (ST90 group) or for 150 d (ST150 group; supplemented 60 d before training). Muscle strength and functional capacity were assessed before and after the training period. RESULTS No differences in the pretraining period were found between groups for any of the variables. The peak torque and rate of torque development for all muscles (knee flexor and extensor, plantar and dorsiflexor) increased from pre- to posttraining in all groups. However, the effect was greater in the ST90 and ST150 groups than in the ST group. The activation level and electromechanical delay of the muscles changed from pre- to posttraining only for the ST90 and ST150 groups. Chair-rising performance in the FO groups was higher than in the ST group. CONCLUSIONS Strength training increased muscle strength in elderly women. The inclusion of FO supplementation caused greater improvements in muscle strength and functional capacity.

Low fish oil intake improves insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and muscle metabolism on insulin resistant MSG-obese rats

BackgroundObesity is commonly associated with diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The purpose of this study was to determinate the effect of a lower dose of fish oil supplementation on insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, and muscle metabolism in obese rats.MethodsMonosodium glutamate (MSG) (4 mg/g body weight) was injected in neonatal Wistar male rats. Three-month-old rats were divided in normal-weight control group (C), coconut fat-treated normal weight group (CO), fish oil-treated normal weight group (FO), obese control group (Ob), coconut fat-treated obese group (ObCO) and fish oil-treated obese group (ObFO). Obese insulin-resistant rats were supplemented with fish oil or coconut fat (1 g/kg/day) for 4 weeks. Insulin sensitivity, fasting blood biochemicals parameters, and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism were analyzed.ResultsObese animals (Ob) presented higher Index Lee and 2.5 fold epididymal and retroperitoneal adipose tissue than C. Insulin sensitivity test (Kitt) showed that fish oil supplementation was able to maintain insulin sensitivity of obese rats (ObFO) similar to C. There were no changes in glucose and HDL-cholesterol levels amongst groups. Yet, ObFO revealed lower levels of total cholesterol (TC; 30%) and triacylglycerol (TG; 33%) compared to Ob. Finally, since exposed to insulin, ObFO skeletal muscle revealed an increase of 10% in lactate production, 38% in glycogen synthesis and 39% in oxidation of glucose compared to Ob.ConclusionsLow dose of fish oil supplementation (1 g/kg/day) was able to reduce TC and TG levels, in addition to improved systemic and muscle insulin sensitivity. These results lend credence to the benefits of n-3 fatty acids upon the deleterious effects of insulin resistance mechanisms.

Interval training attenuates the metabolic disturbances in type 1 diabetes rat model

OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effect of interval training on blood biochemistry and immune parameters in type 1 diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sedentary (SE, n = 15), interval training (IT, n = 17), diabetic sedentary (DSE, n = 17), diabetic interval training (DIT, n = 17). Diabetes was induced by i.v. injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). Swimming Interval Training consisted of 30-s exercise with 30-s rest, for 30 minutes, during 6 weeks, four times a week, with an overload of 15% of body mass. Plasma glucose, lactate, triacylglycerol and total cholesterol concentrations, phagocytic capacity, cationic vesicle content, and superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide production by blood neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages were evaluated. Proliferation of mesenteric lymphocytes was also estimated. RESULTS Interval training resulted in attenuation of the resting hyperglycemic state and decreased blood lipids in the DIT group. Diabetes increased the functionality of blood neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages in the DSE group. Interval training increased all functionality parameters of peritoneal macrophages in the IT group. Interval training also led to a twofold increase in the proliferation of mesenteric lymphocytes after 6 weeks of exercise in the DIT group. CONCLUSION Low-volume high-intensity physical exercise attenuates hyperglycemia and dislipidemia induced by type 1 diabetes, and induces changes in the functionality of innate and acquired immunity.

Bax/Bcl-2 Protein Expression Ratio and Leukocyte Function Are Related to Reduction of Walker-256 Tumor Growth After β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) Administration in Wistar Rats

This study investigated the mechanisms by which β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) administration in rats reduces Walker-256 tumor growth. Male Wistar rats were supplemented with HMB (76 mg/kg/day) (HW), or a placebo (W), during 8 wk by gavage. At the 6th wk, rats were inoculated with a suspension of Walker 256 tumor cells (3 × 107/mL). Fifteen days after inoculation, the HW group showed higher glycemia (109.4 ± 5.53 vs. 89.87 ± 7.02 mg/dL, P < 0.05) and lower spleen (1.35 ± 0.05 vs. 1.65 ± 0.12 g, P < 0.05) and tumor weights (9.64 ± 1.07 vs. 13.55 ± 1.19 g, P < 0.05) compared to the W group. Tumor cells extracted from the HMB-treated rats displayed a 36.9% decrement in rates of proliferation ex vivo and a significant increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression ratio in comparison to those extracted from the placebo-treated rats (P < 0.05). Both phagocytic capacity and H2O2 production rates were higher in polymorphnuclear cells that were obtained from the blood of the HW rats in comparison to those from the W rats (P < 0.05). Reduction of necrotic regions and an intense infiltration of leukocytes and activated granulocytes in HW were evident by transmission electron microscopy. Our findings suggest that HMB supplementation decreases tumor burden by modifying the inner environment of tumor cells and by interfering with blood leukocyte function.

Influence of fish oil supplementation and strength training on some functional aspects of immune cells in healthy elderly women.

Immune function changes with ageing and is influenced by physical activity (strength training, ST) and diet (fish oil, FO). The present study investigated the effect of FO and ST on the immune system of elderly women. Forty-five women (64 (sd 1.4) years) were assigned to ST for 90 d (ST; n 15), ST plus 2 g/d FO for 90 d (ST90; n 15) or 2 g/d FO for 60 d followed by ST plus FO for 90 d (ST150; n 15). Training was performed three times per week, for 12 weeks. A number of innate (zymosan phagocytosis, lysosomal volume, superoxide anion, peroxide of hydrogen) and adaptive (cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4), CD8, TNF-α, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10 produced by lymphocytes) immune parameters were assessed before supplementation (base), before (pre-) and after (post-) training. ST induced no immune changes. FO supplementation caused increased phagocytosis (48 %), lysosomal volume (100 %) and the production of superoxide anion (32 %) and H₂O₂(70 %) in the ST90. Additional FO supplementation (ST150) caused no additive influence on the immune system, as ST150 and ST90 did not differ, but caused greater changes when compared to the ST (P< 0·05). FO increased CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in the ST150, which remained unchanged when training was introduced. The combination of ST and FO reduced TNF-α in the ST150 from base to post-test. FO supplementation (ST150, base-pre) when combined with exercise (ST150, pre-post) increased IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10 production. The immune parameters improved in response to FO supplementation; however, ST alone did not enhance the immune system.

Tumor growth reduction is regulated at the gene level in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats supplemented with fish oil rich in EPA and DHA

We investigated the effect of fish oil (FO) supplementation on tumor growth, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and RelA gene and protein expression in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats. Male Wistar rats (70 days old) were fed with regular chow (group W) or chow supplemented with 1 g/kg body weight FO daily (group WFO) until they reached 100 days of age. Both groups were then inoculated with a suspension of Walker 256 ascitic tumor cells (3×107 cells/mL). After 14 days the rats were killed, total RNA was isolated from the tumor tissue, and relative mRNA expression was measured using the 2-ΔΔCT method. FO significantly decreased tumor growth (W=13.18±1.58 vs WFO=5.40±0.88 g, P<0.05). FO supplementation also resulted in a significant decrease in COX-2 (W=100.1±1.62 vs WFO=59.39±5.53, P<0.001) and PPARγ (W=100.4±1.04 vs WFO=88.22±1.46, P<0.05) protein expression. Relative mRNA expression was W=1.06±0.022 vs WFO=0.31±0.04 (P<0.001) for COX-2, W=1.08±0.02 vs WFO=0.52±0.08 (P<0.001) for PPARγ, and W=1.04±0.02 vs WFO=0.82±0.04 (P<0.05) for RelA. FO reduced tumor growth by attenuating inflammatory gene expression associated with carcinogenesis.

A INFLUÊNCIA DO TREINAMENTO RESISTIDOE DA SUPLEMENTAÇÃO DO ÓLEO DE PEIXE EM PARÂMETROS SANGUÍNEOS EM MULHERES IDOSAS

O envelhecimento aumenta a incidencia de diabetes e doencas cardiovasculares (DCV), que sao as principais causas de morte nos paises ocidentais. Como fator de partida para o inicio DCV incluem taxas de colesterol e triglicerideos. Sindrome Metabolica (MS) pode estar relacionada com o acumulo de gordura central e resistencia a insulina que pode causar doenca cardiaca, derrame e diabetes. A atividade fisica (treinamento de forca resistiva, ST) e dieta (oleo de peixe, FO) desempenham um papel relevante na modulacao alguns parâmetros sanguineos. Objetivou-se investigar o efeito cronico da FO e ST em parâmetros sanguineos (glicemia, triglicerides e HDL, LDL colesterol VLDL) de mulheres idosas. METODOS: Quarenta e cinco mulheres (64 ± 1,4 anos) foram atribuidos a um grupo de treinamento de forca (ST; n = 15), um grupo de forca e 2g / dia de FO completada por 90 (ST90; n = 15) e 150 dias (ST150; n = 15). A ST150 comecou FO 60 dias antes de iniciar o treinamento de forca. O treinamento foi realizado 3 vezes / semana, durante 12 semanas. Os parâmetros sanguineos foram avaliados no pre-suplementacao (BASE), pre-formacao (PRE) e pos-treinamento (POST). RESULTADOS: Os efeitos positivos foram comprovados sobre a glicemia e colesterol HDL quando FO e exercicio foram combinadas (ST90 e ST150). A glicemia de ST e ST150 nao apresentou mudancas entre pre-POST e BASE-PRE, respectivamente. No entanto, quando foi combinado com formacao FO reducoes de suplementacao na glicemia foram encontrados no ST90 (21%) e ST150 (19%) a partir de PRE POST (p 0,05). Contudo, o exercicio foi eficaz quando acompanhada de suplementacao FO (ST90, ST150, PRE-POST, p <.0.05). Os triglicerides diminuiu quando FO e exercicios (p <0,05) foram aplicados separadamente (ST, ST90 e ST150 BASE-POST). Sem reducoes adicionais foram encontradas combinando FO e exercicio. Houve uma reducao nas concentracoes de VLDL em todos os grupos (26% de ST, 35% em ST90, ST150 de base em 35% e 36% em pos ST150). A LDL nao foi alterada. CONCLUSAO: Os parâmetros sanguineos (triglicerides e VLDL) diminuiu quando FO e exercicios foram aplicados separadamente. Sem reducoes adicionais foram encontradas combinando FO e exercicio. Os efeitos positivos foram evidenciados sobre a glicemia e colesterol HDL quando FO e exercicio foram combinadas.

Exercício de força associado a óleo de peixe reduzem massa tumoral e caquexia em ratos

Objective: To investigate the effect of jump training associated with fish oil (FO) supplementation (1g/Kg bodyweight/day) on biochemical parameters of cachexia and tumor growth in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats. Methods: Eighty rats were divided into sedentary nonand tumor-bearing (S and SW), exercised (EX and EXW), FO supplemented (SO and SWO), and both supplemented and exercised (EXW and EXWO). Jump training sessions consisted of 10 series of 30 seconds each, followed by 1 minute of rest. After six weeks of jump training, ascitic cells from Walker 256 tumor bearing-rat were inoculated, and after 15 days, all the animals were sacrificed. Results: The tumor mass in the SW group was 25.32 g, p<0.05 vs the SWO, EXW and EXWO groups (~11 g). The SW group presented hypoglycemia, hyperlactacidemia and hypertriacylglycerolemia and a reduction in body weight (-7.52 ± 3.19g), characterizing a state of cachexia. Supplementation with fish oil (SWO), exercise (EXW) and both (EXWO) prevented the onset of cachexia and promoted weight gain (p<0.05 vs SW), but less than that of the supplementation alone (p<0.05 vs SWO). In vitro cell proliferation of the tumor cells was lower in the SWO group (p<0.05 vs SW) and exercise reduced still further (p<0.05 vs. SW and SWO), with no increase when both therapies were applied together. Lipoperoxidation (p<0.05) was higher in the SWO, EXW, EXWO groups vs. S. Bcl-2 expression was also lower in these groups vs. SW. Conclusions: Jump training and fish oil supplementation alone were able to effectively prevent cachexia and reduce tumor growth, tumor cell proliferation, and Bcl-2 expression, but the combination of both did not promote any additive effect.OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito do treinamento de salto associado a suplementacao com oleo de peixe (1g/kg peso corporal/dia) em ratos portadores do tumor de Walker 256, sobre parâmetros bioquimicos de caquexia e crescimento tumoral.METODOS: Oitenta Ratos foram divididos em sedentario sem ou com tumor (S ou SW), exercitado (EX ou EXW), suplementado com oleo de peixe (SO ou SWO) e suplementado e exercitado (EXO ou EXWO). Sessoes de treinamento de salto consistiram de 10 series com duracao de 30 segundos e intervalo de 1 minuto entre cada serie. Apos seis semanas de treinamento, celulas do tumor de Walker 256 foram inoculadas e apos 15 dias os animais foram mortos.RESULTADOS: O peso medio do tumor no grupo SW foi de 25,32 g, p<0,05 vs. ao dos SWO, EXW e EXWO (~11 g). O grupo SW apresentou hipoglicemia, hiperlactatemia, hipertriacilglicerolemia e perda de peso (-7,52±3,19g), caracterizando estado caquetico. Suplementacao com oleo de peixe (SWO), exercicio (EXW) e associacao de ambos (EXWO) impediram a instalacao da caquexia (p<0,05 vs. SW). No grupo SWO, EXW e suas associacoes (EXWO) promoveram ganho de peso (p<0,05 vs. SW), mas inferior ao da suplementacao isolada (p<0,05 vs. SWO). A proliferacao celular in vitro das celulas tumorais foi menor no grupo SWO (p<0,05 vs. SW) e o exercicio reduziu ainda mais (p<0,05 vs. SW e SWO), nao havendo incremento quando se associaram ambas as terapias. Lipoperoxidacao (p<0,05) foi maior nos SWO, EXW, EXWO vs. S. A expressao de Bcl-2 foi menor tambem nestes grupos vs. SW.CONCLUSOES: O treinamento de forca e a suplementacao com oleo de peixe foram eficazes em evitar a caquexia e induzir a reducao do crescimento tumoral, da proliferacao tumoral e expressao de Bcl-2, mas a associacao de ambos nao promoveu efeito aditivo.

Resistance exercise and fish oil reduce tumor mass and cachexia in rats

Objective: To investigate the effect of jump training associated with fish oil (FO) supplementation (1g/Kg bodyweight/day) on biochemical parameters of cachexia and tumor growth in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats. Methods: Eighty rats were divided into sedentary nonand tumor-bearing (S and SW), exercised (EX and EXW), FO supplemented (SO and SWO), and both supplemented and exercised (EXW and EXWO). Jump training sessions consisted of 10 series of 30 seconds each, followed by 1 minute of rest. After six weeks of jump training, ascitic cells from Walker 256 tumor bearing-rat were inoculated, and after 15 days, all the animals were sacrificed. Results: The tumor mass in the SW group was 25.32 g, p<0.05 vs the SWO, EXW and EXWO groups (~11 g). The SW group presented hypoglycemia, hyperlactacidemia and hypertriacylglycerolemia and a reduction in body weight (-7.52 ± 3.19g), characterizing a state of cachexia. Supplementation with fish oil (SWO), exercise (EXW) and both (EXWO) prevented the onset of cachexia and promoted weight gain (p<0.05 vs SW), but less than that of the supplementation alone (p<0.05 vs SWO). In vitro cell proliferation of the tumor cells was lower in the SWO group (p<0.05 vs SW) and exercise reduced still further (p<0.05 vs. SW and SWO), with no increase when both therapies were applied together. Lipoperoxidation (p<0.05) was higher in the SWO, EXW, EXWO groups vs. S. Bcl-2 expression was also lower in these groups vs. SW. Conclusions: Jump training and fish oil supplementation alone were able to effectively prevent cachexia and reduce tumor growth, tumor cell proliferation, and Bcl-2 expression, but the combination of both did not promote any additive effect.OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito do treinamento de salto associado a suplementacao com oleo de peixe (1g/kg peso corporal/dia) em ratos portadores do tumor de Walker 256, sobre parâmetros bioquimicos de caquexia e crescimento tumoral.METODOS: Oitenta Ratos foram divididos em sedentario sem ou com tumor (S ou SW), exercitado (EX ou EXW), suplementado com oleo de peixe (SO ou SWO) e suplementado e exercitado (EXO ou EXWO). Sessoes de treinamento de salto consistiram de 10 series com duracao de 30 segundos e intervalo de 1 minuto entre cada serie. Apos seis semanas de treinamento, celulas do tumor de Walker 256 foram inoculadas e apos 15 dias os animais foram mortos.RESULTADOS: O peso medio do tumor no grupo SW foi de 25,32 g, p<0,05 vs. ao dos SWO, EXW e EXWO (~11 g). O grupo SW apresentou hipoglicemia, hiperlactatemia, hipertriacilglicerolemia e perda de peso (-7,52±3,19g), caracterizando estado caquetico. Suplementacao com oleo de peixe (SWO), exercicio (EXW) e associacao de ambos (EXWO) impediram a instalacao da caquexia (p<0,05 vs. SW). No grupo SWO, EXW e suas associacoes (EXWO) promoveram ganho de peso (p<0,05 vs. SW), mas inferior ao da suplementacao isolada (p<0,05 vs. SWO). A proliferacao celular in vitro das celulas tumorais foi menor no grupo SWO (p<0,05 vs. SW) e o exercicio reduziu ainda mais (p<0,05 vs. SW e SWO), nao havendo incremento quando se associaram ambas as terapias. Lipoperoxidacao (p<0,05) foi maior nos SWO, EXW, EXWO vs. S. A expressao de Bcl-2 foi menor tambem nestes grupos vs. SW.CONCLUSOES: O treinamento de forca e a suplementacao com oleo de peixe foram eficazes em evitar a caquexia e induzir a reducao do crescimento tumoral, da proliferacao tumoral e expressao de Bcl-2, mas a associacao de ambos nao promoveu efeito aditivo.

Ejercicio de fuerza asociado a aceite de pescado reduce la masa tumoral y la caquexia en ratas

Objective: To investigate the effect of jump training associated with fish oil (FO) supplementation (1g/Kg bodyweight/day) on biochemical parameters of cachexia and tumor growth in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats. Methods: Eighty rats were divided into sedentary nonand tumor-bearing (S and SW), exercised (EX and EXW), FO supplemented (SO and SWO), and both supplemented and exercised (EXW and EXWO). Jump training sessions consisted of 10 series of 30 seconds each, followed by 1 minute of rest. After six weeks of jump training, ascitic cells from Walker 256 tumor bearing-rat were inoculated, and after 15 days, all the animals were sacrificed. Results: The tumor mass in the SW group was 25.32 g, p<0.05 vs the SWO, EXW and EXWO groups (~11 g). The SW group presented hypoglycemia, hyperlactacidemia and hypertriacylglycerolemia and a reduction in body weight (-7.52 ± 3.19g), characterizing a state of cachexia. Supplementation with fish oil (SWO), exercise (EXW) and both (EXWO) prevented the onset of cachexia and promoted weight gain (p<0.05 vs SW), but less than that of the supplementation alone (p<0.05 vs SWO). In vitro cell proliferation of the tumor cells was lower in the SWO group (p<0.05 vs SW) and exercise reduced still further (p<0.05 vs. SW and SWO), with no increase when both therapies were applied together. Lipoperoxidation (p<0.05) was higher in the SWO, EXW, EXWO groups vs. S. Bcl-2 expression was also lower in these groups vs. SW. Conclusions: Jump training and fish oil supplementation alone were able to effectively prevent cachexia and reduce tumor growth, tumor cell proliferation, and Bcl-2 expression, but the combination of both did not promote any additive effect.OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito do treinamento de salto associado a suplementacao com oleo de peixe (1g/kg peso corporal/dia) em ratos portadores do tumor de Walker 256, sobre parâmetros bioquimicos de caquexia e crescimento tumoral.METODOS: Oitenta Ratos foram divididos em sedentario sem ou com tumor (S ou SW), exercitado (EX ou EXW), suplementado com oleo de peixe (SO ou SWO) e suplementado e exercitado (EXO ou EXWO). Sessoes de treinamento de salto consistiram de 10 series com duracao de 30 segundos e intervalo de 1 minuto entre cada serie. Apos seis semanas de treinamento, celulas do tumor de Walker 256 foram inoculadas e apos 15 dias os animais foram mortos.RESULTADOS: O peso medio do tumor no grupo SW foi de 25,32 g, p<0,05 vs. ao dos SWO, EXW e EXWO (~11 g). O grupo SW apresentou hipoglicemia, hiperlactatemia, hipertriacilglicerolemia e perda de peso (-7,52±3,19g), caracterizando estado caquetico. Suplementacao com oleo de peixe (SWO), exercicio (EXW) e associacao de ambos (EXWO) impediram a instalacao da caquexia (p<0,05 vs. SW). No grupo SWO, EXW e suas associacoes (EXWO) promoveram ganho de peso (p<0,05 vs. SW), mas inferior ao da suplementacao isolada (p<0,05 vs. SWO). A proliferacao celular in vitro das celulas tumorais foi menor no grupo SWO (p<0,05 vs. SW) e o exercicio reduziu ainda mais (p<0,05 vs. SW e SWO), nao havendo incremento quando se associaram ambas as terapias. Lipoperoxidacao (p<0,05) foi maior nos SWO, EXW, EXWO vs. S. A expressao de Bcl-2 foi menor tambem nestes grupos vs. SW.CONCLUSOES: O treinamento de forca e a suplementacao com oleo de peixe foram eficazes em evitar a caquexia e induzir a reducao do crescimento tumoral, da proliferacao tumoral e expressao de Bcl-2, mas a associacao de ambos nao promoveu efeito aditivo.