Isabelle Albuquerque da Silva

Studies of new occurrences of bentonite clays in the State of Paraíba for use in water based drilling fluids

New bentonite clay deposits have recently been discovered in the state of Paraiba, mainly in the municipalities of Cubati and Pedra Lavrada, creating great expectations in view of the possibility of expanding industrial production using these new reserves. The aim of this study was to study the new occurrences of bentonite clay in Paraiba, particularly in the municipality of Pedra Lavrada, for use in water based drilling fluids. The mineralogical properties of the clays were characterized by particle size analysis using laser diffraction, and thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, and its chemical composition was analyzed by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, cation exchange capacity and specific surface area. The bentonite clays were treated with sodium carbonate at concentrations of 75, 100, 125, 150 and 175mEq/100g of dry clay, to transform them from polycationic to sodium form. For the technological characterization, drilling fluids were prepared according to the standards of Petrobras. The results indicated that the mineralogical composition of the samples consisted of montmorillonite, kaolinite and quartz. As for their rheological properties, the samples were found to partially meet the rheological requirements of the Petrobras standard.

Purified Smectite Clays Organofilized with Ionic Surfactant for Use in Oil-Based Drilling Fluids

The main bentonite reservs in Brazil are located in Boa Vista, PB. In order on widening the reserves, on the mineral production and on the consolidation of the state as the largest producer in the country, many studies have been carried out by UFCG on the clays recently discovered in the Districts of Cubati and Pedra Lavrada. This work is intended for the characterization of new deposits, for the development of natural and organofilic clays, which will be employed in oil-based drilling fluids. The characterization of the clay was done by means of the following techniques: GA, XRD, EDX, TG and TGA. For purification, a hydrocyclone was used, and in the organofilization process, the Praepagen-WB surfactant was used, in three proportions. The results suggest that the characterization is typical of bentonite. The purification process proved to be efficient and the rheological study revealed that just one of the clays is suitable for application in oil-based drilling fluids.

Development of Organoclays for Use in Oil-Based Drilling Fluids

The organoclays are derived from bentonite clays treated in aqueous solution with surfactants, which are incorporated into the interlayer surface of clays, covering them with an organic layer; so, the naturally hydrophilic clay becomes hydrophobic. This paper proposes a study to find the dispersant media (diesel, paraffin or ester) which is more suitable for use in fluids, using the bentonite clay Cloisite Na +, treated with ionic surfactants Praepagen HY and Praepagen WB. The organoclay obtained was characterized by X-ray diffraction, and we measured the apparent viscosity and plastic dispersions. We observed the importance of the type of surfactant and dispersant amid to obtain organoclays for non-aqueous drilling fluids with the dispersants that meet existing specifications for drilling oil wells.

Bentonite Clays from Sossego, Paraiba, Brazil: Physical and Mineralogical Characterization

In the northeastern region Brazil, especially in the State of Paraíba, there is a large incidence of non-metallic minerals, among which we may highlight the bentonite clay, ball clay, smectitic clay, kaolin... limestone and mica. In past years, there has been an intense research for discovering new deposits in the State of Paraíba, thus creating expectations for widening the mineral raw production in that region. So, this work is intended to make the physical, mineralogical and technological characterization of smectitic clays from the town of Sossego, PB, Brazil. The characterization was made by means of the following techniques: granulometric analysis by laser diffraction (GA), themogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG and DTA), chemical analysis (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results evidence that the studied clays present the following mineral phases: smectitic, kaolinite and accessory minerals such as quartz, carbonates feldspars and mica.

Organofilização de argilas bentoníticas com tensoativos não- iônicos visando seu uso em fluidos de perfuração base óleo

Resumo O uso de tensoativos nao ionicos vem substituindo os tradicionais tensoativos ionicos dentre outros motivos pelo seu elevado potencial de resistencia a degradacao termica. Assim, este trabalho tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de argilas organofilicas atraves da incorporacao de tensoativos nao ionicos visando seu uso em fluidos de perfuracao de pocos de petroleo base oleo. Argilas bentoniticas natural, industrializadas e organofilizadas foram caracterizadas por analise quimica, difracao de raios X e analises termicas. Apos a organofilizacao foi realizado o inchamento de Foster, visando a escolha dos tensoativos mais adequados aos meios liquidos orgânicos dispersantes: ester, diesel e parafina. Com as dispersoes obtidas foram determinadas as propriedades reologicas atraves de viscosidades aparente e plastica. Os resultados evidenciaram que as argilas organofilicas apresentaram um aumento do espacamento interlamelar e que as dispersoes apresentaram propriedades reologicas dentro das especificacoes da Petrobras, para uso como argilas organofilicas em fluidos de perfuracao em base oleo. Palavras-chave: organofilizacao, argilas bentoniticas, tensoativos nao ionicos.

Obtenção de argilas organofílicas purificadas através de tensoativos iônicos e não iônicos visando uso em fluidos de perfuração base óleo

Oil drilling in sensitive contact with water, becomes required the use of oil base drilling fluids. In these cases, organoclays are used, which are made from clay bentonite purified and treated with surfactants addition. The use of the hydrocyclone can be a effective tool and affordable for purifying clays in industrial scale. This work aims to study the purification of clays bentonite using a hydrocyclone, aiming to develop organoclays for use in oil base drilling fluids. The characterizations of the samples of clays - Brasgel PA and Chocolate - were performed using the techniques: laser diffraction granulometric analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence chemical analysis. The characterization of organoclays obtained was accomplished through the follwing methods: XRD, TG and Foster swelling test modification. The results show that the purification process was effective in reducing impurities in the bentonite and organoclay treated with purified Praepagen WB and Imidazoline Oleic Vegetable shows Foster swelling values with, ester, diesel and paraffin higher than those obtained with organoclays without purification (natural) and showing greater affinity for the surfactant Praepagen WB.

Thixotropic evaluation of bentonitic clay dispersions modified with nonionic surfactants for organic drilling fluids

Organophilic clay is clay intercalated with organic matter so as to achieve improved adsorption properties (e.g. increased shear rate, viscosity and resistance to the gel of organic drilling fluids), thus making them suitable for a wide range of applications [1]. Ionic surfactants are commonly used in the surface modification process, which makes clay dispersible in organic media. Ratkievicius et al. [2] studied clays organophilizated with ionic surfactants and observed that temperature is the factor that most affects the rheological properties of fluids prepared with organophilic clays. An analysis of the studies involving ionic and nonionic surfactants with respect to thixotropy, although there are not many in the literature, reveals that nonionic surfactants lead to a higher chemical and thermal stability [3, 4], low toxicity and latent biodegradability [5], since they are derivatives of non-aromatic alcohol ethoxylate [59], preserve exchangeable inorganic cations after adsorption [10, 11], with the possibility of cation exchange between the clay organophilizated with nonionic surfactant and inorganic Cerâmica 64 (2018) 425-430 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132018643712392

Physico-Mineralogical Characterization: Bentonitic Clays Recently Found in Olivedos, Paraíba, Brazil

Used in various branches of the industry, bentonitic clays are considered a valuable mineral, used specially in the petroleum industry for manufacturing of fluids used the drilling of petroleum wells in long depth. Recently, a deposit of this valuable mineral was discovered in the town of Olivedos-PB. There are data that prove that this is a very poor and underdeveloped town. So, this work aims at the physico-mineralogical characterization of clays recently discovered and, this way, verify if they present similar characteristics which allow them to replace the clays from Boa Vista-PB, and if they can be used by the industry, thus bringing social development for that town. The characterization was made by means of the analysis of chemical composition by X-ray fluorescence (EDX), thermogravimetric and thermal differential analyses (TG and DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), cation-exchange capacity (CEC) and specific area (SA). The results show that the clays recently discovered in Olivedos-PB are polycationic clays, presenting MgO, CaO and K2O content, and that they are constituted by smectitic clay mineral, by quartz and kaolinite.

Study of the Characterization of Smectitic Clays from a Town in the State of Paraíba

The State of Paraíba has gained prominence in the production of raw bentonite in Brazil, where a new deposit has been found in the town of Sossego-PB, besides the deposit in the town of Boa Vista-PB. With the raise in the demand, the traditional reserves are depleting after several years of exploration, and this fact may result in a higher dependence on imported clays, thus existing a great interest in the discovery and characterization of new deposits, also guaranteeing technological improvements for the region. So, the objective of this work is to characterize the new deposits of the State of Paraíba, aiming at analyzing the characteristics the prove their classification as smectitic clays. The characterization was made through the analysis of chemical composition by X-ray fluorescence (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis and thermal differential analyses (TG and DTA), cation-exchange capacity (CEC) and specific area (SA). The results prove that the studied samples presented, in their mineralogical composition, smectite, kaolinite and quartz, besides thermal and chemical behavior typical smectitic clays.

Bentonite Clays Characterization in the Town of Sossego – Paraiba State

Bentonite exhibt a range of industrial applications moving millions of dollars on the market per year. Among several applications if highlights it is use for petroleum drilling fluids. Thus, this work aims to characterize physical, mineralogical and technologically, the bentonitics clays of Sossego County, Paraíba, Brazil. Mineralogical characterization of clays was done through the following techniques: particle size analysis by laser diffraction, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, chemical analysis and x-ray diffraction. The clays were turned in by treatment with sodium in Na2CO3 and then determined whether the apparent viscosity, plastic and volume of filtrate of clay-water dispersions. The results showed that the samples are of polycationic, showing levels of MgO, CaO and K2O, similar to those from Boa Vista County, Paraíba, Brazil, and consist of clay mineral kaolinite, quartz and esmec. The clays showed rheological properties that indicate potential for use in drilling fluids.