İsmail Kasap

Effect of apple cultivar and of temperature on the biology and life table parameters of the twospotted spider miteTetranychus urticae

Development duration and reproduction rate of the twospotted spider miteTetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae) were studied on five different apple cultivars (‘Amasya’ (local cultivar), ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Starking Delicious’ and ‘Starkrimson Delicious’) at 25°C, 65±10% r.h. and 16:8 L:D. In addition, the same parameters were determined on Golden Delicious leaves at three constant temperatures (20°, 30° and 35°C, 65±10% r.h. and 16:8 L:D) in the laboratory.T. urticae performed better on Granny Smith than on the other cultivars, due mainly to high daily egg production (4.6 eggs/♀/day) and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm, which was 0.243 ♀/♀/day). The lowestrm was observed on Amasya variety (0.231 ♀/♀/day). Development periods of immature stages ofT. urticae varied from 6.5 to 15.5 days at 35° and 20°C, respectively, for females, and from 5.9 to 14.5 days at 35° and 20°C, respectively, for males. The development thresholds of the eggs and pre-adult stages, respectively, were 10.78° and 8.43°C, and total effective temperatures were 57.80 and 172.41 degree-days. Mean generation time (To) of the population ranged from 9.94 days at 35°C to 25.99 days at 20°C. The net reproduction rate increased from 66.99 ♀/♀ at 20°C to 92.19 ♀/♀ at 25°C, and decreased to 84.34 ♀/♀ at 30°C and to 12.04 ♀/♀ at 35°C. The highest rm occurred at 30°C (0.302 ♀/♀/day) and the lowest at 20°C (0.161 ♀/♀/day).

Life history of Euseius scutalis feeding on citrus red mite Panonychus citri at various temperatures

The aim of this study was todetermine the biology and reproductivepotential of Euseius scutalis(Athias-Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) atvarious temperatures. These data are of valuein relation to mass rearing and the developmentof population dynamics models. The developmenttime, survival and fecundity of E.scutalis were determined at 20, 25 and30 ± 1 °C, 65 ± 10% RH and 16:8photoperiod. Total development times of E.scutalis were 6.7, 4.9 and 4.2 days at 20, 25and 30 ± 1 °C, respectively, using adiet of all life stages of the spider mite Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari:Tetranychidae). In general, preoviposition andpostoviposition periods of E. scutaliswere shortened as temperature increased, butthe oviposition period was longer at 25 °C than at 20 and 30 °C. Theshortest survival time of E. scutalis, at30 °C, was 10.1 days, followed by 23.7days and 28.6 days at 20 and 25 °C,respectively. Mated females laid on average1.1, 1.4 and 1.7 eggs per female per day and21.5, 39.7 and 17.1 eggs over their entire lifetime at 20, 25 and 30 °C, respectively.The sex ratios of E. scutalis were2.11/1, 2.24/1 and 2.11/1 female/male at 20, 25and 30 °C, respectively. The intrinsicrate of natural increase (rm) increasedwith rising temperatures from 0.166 at 20 °C to 0.295 females/female/day at 30 °C. The net reproductive rate (R0)was highest at 25 °C (26.03females/female) and lowest at 30 °C(12.95 females/female). Mean generation time(T0) was longest at 25 °C (17.50days) and shortest (9.53 days) at 30 °C.

Life history of hawthorn spider mite Amphitetranychus viennensis (Acarina: Tetranychidae) on various apple cultivars and at different temperatures.

Development duration and reproduction rate of hawthorn spider mite Amphitetranychus viennensis (Zacher) were carried out on five different apple cultivars (Amasya (local cultivar), Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Starking Delicious and Starkrimson Delicious) at 25 °C, 65 ± 10 % RH and 16:8 L:D. In addition, the same parameters were determined on Golden Delicious leaves at three constant temperatures (20, 30 and 35 °C, 65 ± 10% RH and 16:8 L:D) in the laboratory. A. viennensis showed a better performance on Golden Delicious than on the other apple cultivars. This was mainly due to a short development time (10.7 days), high daily egg production (5.2 eggs/♀/day) and early reproduction peak. The highest intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was determined on the variety Golden Delicious (rm = 0.247/day), while the lowest one was observed on the variety Starking Delicious (rm = 0.215/day). The developmental periods of A. viennensis varied from 7.4 to 18.8 days at 35 and 20 °C for females, while it varied from 7.9 to 17.2 days at 30 and 20 °C for males. The development threshold of the eggs and pre-adult stages were 9.72 and 9.07 °C, total effective temperature was 72.99 and 185.18 degree-days, respectively. The mean generation time (To) of the population ranged from 16.13 days at 30 °C to 29.15 days at 20 °C. The net reproductive rate (R0) increased from 54.33 ♀/♀ at 20 °C to 78.34 ♀/♀ at 25 °C, and decreased to 75.71 ♀/♀ at 30 °C. The highest intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was reached at 30 °C (rm = 0.268/day), the lowest one at 20 °C (rm = 0.136/day).

Population Growth of Dysaphis pyri (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Different Pear Cultivars With Discussion on Curve Fitting in Life Table Studies

Population growth parameters of the Dysaphis pyri (Boyer de Fonscolombe) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were evaluated on four different cultivars (Coscia, Ankara, Williams, and Santa-Maria) of pear (Pyrus communis L.) under field conditions in the Van region of Turkey. Aphids were kept on leaves of 10-yr-old pear trees in Plexiglas clip-cells (20 mm in diameter and 10 mm in height, with the upper side covered with muslin). For the description of the stage differentiation during population growth, we analyzed raw data of developmental time, survival, and fecundity using the age-stage, two-sex life table to take the variable developmental rate among individuals into account. Results indicated that the Coscia and Ankara cultivars are less favorable hosts for D. pyri because of the longer preadult developmental time, higher preadult mortality rate, and lower total fecundity on these cultivars. The intrinsic rate of increase (r), the net reproduction rate (R0), and the finite rate of increase (λ) values were lower on the Coscia and Ankara cultivars. We discussed the application of the Weibull function, polynomial model, and Enkegaard model in life table studies. Because these models are often inaccurate in describing survival and reproduction parameters, we suggest that their application in life table research should be reevaluated.

Yeni ilişki kayıtları ile birlikte Çanakkale İl Merkezi’nde belirlenen yaprakbitleri (Hemiptera: Aphididae) ile ilişkili karıncalar (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Yaprakbitleri ve karincalar dogada mutualistik ya da zorunlu mutualistik bir iliskiye sahiptir. Bircok karinca turu yumusak vucutlu ve zayif bir savunmaya sahip yaprakbitlerini dogal dusmanlarina karsi korumaktadir. Canakkale il merkezinde 2014 ve 2015 yillari arasinda yaprakbitleri ve karincalar arasindaki iliskileri belirlemek icin yurutulen bu calismanin sonucunda Formicidae familyasinin Dolichoderinae, Formicinae ve Myrmicinae altfamilyalari icerisinde bulunan 8 cinse ait, 12 karinca turunun 16 farkli yaprakbiti ile iliskisi tespit edilmistir. Farkli yaprakbitleri ile iliskili en fazla karsilasilan karinca turleri Lasius alienus (Foerster, 1850), Plagiolepis pygmaea (Latreille, 1798), Camponotus aethiops Latreille, 1798 ve Plagiolepis taurica Santsci, 1920’dir. Farkli karinca turleri ile iliskili en fazla karsilasilan yaprakbitleri ise Aphis fabae Scopoli, 1763, Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 ve Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854’dir. Ayrica Camponotus samius Forel, 1889, Camponotus sanctus Forel, 1904, Crematogaster ionia Forel, 1911 ve Pheidole cf. pallidula (Nylander, 1849) karinca turlerinin yaprakbitleri ile iliskili oldugu Turkiye’de ilk kez bu calisma ile belirlenmistir. Bunlara ilave olarak belirlenen yaprakbitlerinden Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1841, Aphis punicae Passerini, 1863, Aphis umbrella (Borner, 1950), Chaitophorus leucomelas Koch, 1854, Chromaphis juglandicola (Kaltenbach, 1843), Panaphis juglandis (Goeze, 1778), Prociphilus fraxini (Fabricius, 1777)’nin ise karincalar ile isbirligi icinde oldugu Turkiye’de ilk kez tespit edilmistir. Sonuc olarak son calismalar yaprakbitleri ve karincalar arasindaki iliskilerin bolgesel olarak daha detayli arastirilmasi gerektigini gostermektedir.

Çanakkale ili bağ alanlarında görülen önemli zararlı ve yararlı akar (Acari) türleri ve bu türlerin popülasyon değişimleri

Bu calisma ile Canakkale ilinde bag alanlarinda bulunan zararli akarlar ile bunlar uzerinde beslenen onemli avci akarlarin saptanmasi, birbirleri ile olan iliskilerinin incelenmesi ve mevsim icerisindeki populasyon yogunluklarinin belirlenmesi amaclanmistir. Calismalar sonucunda 5 familyaya bagli 7 akar turu belirlenmistir. Bu turlerden Phytoseiidae familyasina bagli Phytoseius finitimus Ribaga (Acari: Phytoseiidae), % 49.3’luk bulunma orani ile en yogun avci akar olurken, zararlilardan ise Tetranychus urticae Koch % 27’lik, Colomerus vitis Pagenstecher ise % 6.6’lik (Acari:Tetranychidae; Eriophyidae) bulunma orani ile onemli zararli turler olarak saptanmistir. Calismanin ikinci kismi olan zararli ve yararli turlerin birbirleri ile olan iliskilerinin incelenmesi ve mevsim icerisindeki populasyon yogunluklarinin belirlenmesi amaci ile yapilan gozlemler ise 2008-2009 yillarinda 3 farkli alanda 4 bahcede MayisEylul aylari arasinda gerceklestirilmistir. Gozlemler Cavus uzumu ve Karasakiz cesitleri uzerinde, haftalik ornekleme periyotlari halinde, her cesit ve bahceden rastgele 20 ser adet yaprak toplanarak yurutulmustur. Calisma sonucunda zararli akarlardan C. vitis’in populasyon yogunlugunun Haziran ayinda artarak 9.35 ve 4.35 gal/yaprak orani ile her iki yil ust uste en yuksek seviyeye ulastigi ve populasyonun Eylul ayi sonuna kadar devam ettigi gozlenmistir. Avcilardan ise P. finitimus ile notr akar turu olarak kabul edilen Tydeus californicus (Banks.) (Acari: Tydeidae)’un ozellikle 2008 yilinda populasyon yogunluklarini sirasi ile yaprak basina 6.9 ve 7.85 akar/yaprak oranina kadar yukseltebildigi gozlenmistir. Ilacli bahcede ise avci akarlarin oldukca dusuk bir yogunlukta populasyon gelismesi gosterdigi belirlenmistir