Ismail Maarof

Assessment of camera calibration towards accuracy requirement

The art of photogrammetry has expanded where non metric cameras are used to replace metric camera as technology grows. Non metric cameras are widely used today in close range photogrammetry application as the numbers of pixels increase. The non metric camera is created for photography used. The interior orientation is unknown and requires camera calibration. The research investigated on the relationship of the number of pixels and the accuracy in camera calibration and classified the accuracy based on the users requirement. Camera calibration for optimisation accuracy and stabilisation for the non metric camera was carried out in this research. The evaluation of the accuracy of camera calibration and stability of interior orientation parameters (IOP) is evaluated by using the root mean square and standard deviation. Twelve images are taken by using the standard method in PhotoModeler Scanner Version 6.0. The numbers of photographs process are 6, 9 and 12. Processing using the default setting and preset setting were applied and the image arrangement resembles how the images are taken are altered when insert the images into the software to be processed. Results showed that the lesser the number of photographs and the number of megapixels, the smaller the root mean square error. In addition, the standard method developed by Eos Systems Inc. in terms of setting and image procedure has a smaller root mean square error. Furthermore, compact camera is inconsistent in terms of lens distortion.

Web GIS solution and 3D visualization towards sustainability of Georgetown as world heritage site

Sustainability of Georgetown as world heritage site is a primary objective and urgent problem to be address by The State Government in Penang. The aims are to develop Web GIS solution and 3D visualization for sustainability of Georgetown as World Heritage Site. The objective of this research is to study concept and principles sustainable development and to construct the Web GIS solution with 3D visualization of Georgetown. Methodology used to generate 3D building from building footprints that have actual height and produce a virtual 3D city model environment. Through the web based, the users enable to visualize the present and for future of urban development. With the advanced Geographic Information data which were made accessible on the Internet by Web GIS solution technology offered an effective medium for public participation. For Web GIS solution each of building have information about category of building, section, architecture style, road name, building name and building number. This web based also provides or demonstrates the capacity to view, manipulate and distribute geographic data via WWW in an effective, organized user friendly manner. The platform can be used by a public and many agencies to access and acquired geospatial data and information. As the final outcome from Web GIS solution will enable user to interact with GIS data and maps on the Web without have to own GIS software. Planners, architects, urban designers, and land use planners are able to visualize the impact of urban design projects and proposed land use and zoning changes or predict the results of smart growth initiatives towards sustainability of Georgetown as world heritage site.

LiDAR : A review on generating digital true orthophoto

Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is a technology that has been used for years with the variety of applications including the production of digital terrain models (DTMs), and high-accuracy mapping. LiDAR offers a very detailed collection of 3-D point clouds of the earth surface which can be used in generating orthophotos. Traditional orthophoto production based on the DTM has to accept that buildings and other objects above ground are not correctly placed in the orthophoto. These deficiencies can be overcome by simply taking the digital surface model (DSM) into account. In this paper, the literature reviews on the quality of true orthophoto production by fusing the digital aerial photos and LiDAR DSM done by former researchers are investigated. The results of the true orthophoto will be assessed by comparing the output and achievement gained by the researchers on the same field of study.

Potential of single orthorectified of high resolution satellite image (Ikonos) for large scale mapping

High and accelerating rates of the urban changes and the urban area growth especially in developing countries needs for efficient and fast techniques for map production and revision with the appropriate accuracy. The used of high resolution with ground resolution had changed mapping perception due to its unique characteristics and have a good potential as a data sources for map production. Thus, the mapping potentials of the single IKONOS image had been thoroughly examined on 2D geometric accuracy assessment. Based on overall evaluation, it is found the amount of error and the entire image is have a good geometric planimetric accuracy that regardless to its standard requirement and it is suggested and recommended to be used for large scale map production. Otherwise, the experience gain from this research will eventually highlight the future role of existing technology towards the mapping production in large scale specification for various mapping applications and also may contribute significantly to the topographical data collection process.

A review of WEB - based GIS for visualization of George Town, Penang sustainability as world heritage site

Integration of the Geographical Information System (GIS) technology and various applications are able to contribute towards reconstructing the dynamic of representation in GIS visualization. WEB-based GIS visualization users like architects, planners, landuse planners and urban designers are capable to visualize the effect of urban, proposed and zoning landuse. Its also capable to predict the results of smart growth initiatives for sustainable development to be achieved. Therefore this paper will review and discuss on how the GIS and other combined techniques are potentially into modeling a WEB-based GIS visualization of the real heritage world. This paper will focus on the discussion in establishing the WEB-based GIS together with visualization towards sustainable development of George Town (not “Georgetown” as most people used and tend to spell it) as world heritage site while application from this WEB-based is capable to become a tool for sustainable development of George Town as world heritage site. It is expected that by using WEB-based GIS many users are capable to analyst the categories of heritage building in George Town, in terms of non - heritage building or heritage building and so on. Therefore it is believed that WEB-based GIS is capable to become efficient tools to be use in supporting the process of such as data sharing, decision making, manipulation of data information and map for George Town as the world heritage site.

Image based modeling and documentation of Malaysian historical monuments using Digital Close-Range Photogrammetry (DCRP)

Image based modeling and documentation are become important elements in historical or heritage representation. As an alternative method, The Digital Close-Range Photogrammetry approach offers a manual and semi automatic measurement process to provide the digital base drawing for creating the three dimensional (3D) model. In addition, differential rectified images of the three research objects have been generated. In this paper overall view of measurement method, visualization and modeling are presented. Finally a precise and an accurate 3D model output with a digital visualization of various angle model, viewing side plan and three dimensional models was generated.

A study on the extraction of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) for flood risk assessment

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) has been widely used in many fields such as flight simulation, surface analysis, engineering works and flood risk assessment. In these recent years, it can be seen that the use of DEM in flood risk assessment and modeling is increasing. This paper describes a study made on the extraction of DEM using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) in flood risk assessment. The objective is to explore and understand the characteristics and the use of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in flood risk assessment. There are some different sources of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) highlighted in this paper which include ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer), LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) and topographic map.

Monitoring quarry areas using remote sensing techniques

For many years, quarrying activities that involves the extraction of rocks and minerals have been the primary industry in Malaysia and many countries worldwide Although the industry is an important part of the countrys economy, it is without on site and off site side effects through its blasting, excavation, crushing, screening, stockpiling and transport of aggregate activities This project is to identify environmental impacts surrounding quarry area in term of land use changes, slope monitoring and vegetation health analysis using method of photogrammetry and remote sensing. The method made it possible to reduce environmental impacts through monitoring activity and making analysis to investigate the changes in the quarry area and its surrounding for both short term and long term effect.

The Unmanned Aerial Imagery Capturing System (UAiCs) flight planning calculation parameters for small scale format imagery

Decision making and planning is an integral part in Unmanned Aerial Imagery Capturing System (UAiCs) operation, it is important to plan dynamically negotiable collision free path. In order to ensure the UAiCs operates safely, effective path planning and also any rules of regulation governing flight within the Department of Civil Aviation need to consider. The first step in photogrammetric project is a flight planning. In order to get an optimum profit by using the new technology, good preparation of an efficient flight plan needs to be implemented. When planning a flight for aerial photography purposes, GPS technology cannot be considered separately because, as shown in the market today, GPS technology has proven successfully used in photogrammetric project. Nowadays, mostly all the small unmanned aircraft has designed for aerial photography attached together with GPS and also flight computer that used as control station. In order to use this system effectively, first and foremost the basic principle in calculating and preparing flight lines needs to be excellent [1]. The aim of this paper is to analyze the important parameter in order to show the computational step for UAiCs flight mission planning. Then, as a result this paper look into the analysis of flight path planning parameter more detail and deeply and determine the important parameter that need to emphasize in order to implement a good flight planning.

Accuracy assessment of calibrating high resolution digital camera

Today many photogrammetric works involved the use of digital cameras due to its in low cost. Digital camera has been used in many photogrammetric applications such as archaeology, architecture, accident investigation, cultural heritage and etc. Theoretically, most digital camera is known as non-metric camera where the interior geometrical of digital camera is not stable, however, the optical quality is not acceptable. The need for camera calibration has been fundamental requirement for obtaining accurate measurement since the inception of photogrammetry. This study deals with the acquisition and processing of different configuration of digital camera (convergent and generic network) which are position at different height versus different digital camera setup. The accuracy assessment was performed for two high resolution digital cameras which are Nikon D90 and Rollei D30metric5 digital cameras. The height of digital camera is setup at approximately 80cm and 100cm. Finally, this study evaluates the accuracy of the camera calibration based on standard deviation of interior camera calibration parameters. This study shows that high resolution Nikon D90 digital camera which is categorized as low cost could be used in photogrammetric application with good accuracy achievable.