Israel Luiz de Lima

Variação da densidade aparente e resistência à compressão paralela às fibras em função da intensidade de desbaste, adubação e posição radial em Eucalyptus grandis hill ex-maiden

The Eucalyptu grandis stands apart for its productivity and quality wood. The ideal forest management where a greater wood ratio and better quality are obtained is one of the questions to be considered in the research of the E. grandis. The present work had as its general objective the study of the variation of the specific gravity and the resistance to the compression as a function of the thinning intensity, fertilization and diameter classes in the radial position in trees of a 21-year old population of E. grandis, managed under the system of selective thinning, with the application of fertilizaers. The factors used in this study were: three intensities of selective thinning (37, 50 and 75%), presence or absence of fertilizers, three diameter classes and five radial positions. The influences of the factors and of their combinations were evaluated regarding specific gravity and compression strength. The specific gravity and compression strength of the wood were influenced by factors such as fertilizer and diameter class in almost all radial positions, increasing significantly from the pith to bark. A good positive relationship was found to exist among the specific mass, compression strength and radial position.

Seed provenance influences the wood structure of Gallesia Integrifolia

Plants from three provenances of Gallesia integrifolia were cultivated under homogeneous growth conditions to determine the effect of seed provenance on the wood density, anatomy and chemical constituents. In 1981, seeds were collected in Ribeirao Preto (RP), Campinas (CA) and Bauru (BA). Seedlings of the three provenances were planted at the Luiz Antonio Station in 1982 and trees were felled in 2008. The plants showed significant differences in their wood, possibly due to different genotypes. The relatively small vessel diameter in CA was associated with a high wood density. The provenances RP and CA did not show radial variation in density, which indicates a more homogeneous wood than BA. To obtain wood with a high density, trees of the provenance CA would be most useful, while wood from the RP and CA provenances would be suitable if a homogeneous wood with minor radial variation were desirable.

Basic specific gravity and anatomy of Peltophorum dubium wood as a function of provenance and radial position

We studied the wood of Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub. (Fabaceae), popularly known in Brazil as canafistula, from two seed provenances with different climates. The trees were planted in a third place and cut when 28 years old. Based on differences in seed origins, we hypothesized that some differences would be observed in wood density and anatomical features between provenances and that the radial variation pattern would also differ. However, we did not observe any differences in basic specific gravity or anatomical features between the provenances, which may partly be explained by the conservative nature of wood compared with the external characteristics more susceptible to environmental stresses. In fact, based on the literature and our previous findings, radial variation in P. dubium was similar to that found in many native species, including, for example, increase in basic specific gravity, length and wall thickness of the fibers, increase in vessel diameter and decrease in vessel frequency toward the bark. Based on our results, it can be concluded that P. dubium has high plant adaptability in different locations and that consistency in the quality of its wood can be maintained between provenances, with concomitant implications for both production and use.

Woods with physical, mechanical and acoustic properties similar to those of Caesalpinia echinata have high potential as alternative woods for bow makers

For nearly two hundred years, Caesalpinia echinata wood has been the standard for modern bows. However, the threat of extinction and the enforcement of trade bans have required bow makers to seek alternative woods. The hypothesis tested was that woods with physical, mechanical and acoustic properties similar to those of C. echinata would have high potential as alternative woods for bows. Accordingly, were investigated Handroanthus spp., Mezilaurus itauba, Hymenaea spp., Dipteryx spp., Diplotropis spp. and Astronium lecointei. Handroanthus and Diplotropis have the greatest number of similarities with C. echinata, but only Handroanthus spp. showed significant results in actual bow manufacture, suggesting the importance of such key properties as specific gravity, speed of sound propagation and modulus of elasticity. In practice, Handroanthus and Dipteryx produced bows of quality similar to that of C. echinata.

Variação radial da densidade básica e dimensões celulares da madeira de Cariniana legalis (Mart.) O. Kuntze em função da procedência

Provenance tests can provide information about the silvicultural behavior and wood quality for the exploration of variability and conservation of genetic material for future use. This study aims to investigate the effect of provenances on some wood properties of the Cariniana legalis. Seedlings of three provenances (Porto Ferreira, Piracicaba and Campinas) were planted in Luiz Antonio-SP using randomized block design with six replicates. After 26 years of planting, eighteen trees, six of each provenance, were felled. The properties studied were basic density and the cellular dimensions. The results revealed that the basic density, fiber length, fiber wall thickness, vessel element length, vessel diameter, uniseriate ray height and width were influenced by the provenances. A good positive relationship was found among the fiber length, fiber wall thickness, vessel element length; vessel diameter and multiseriate ray height with radial position and a negative relation between vessel frequency with the radial position.

EFFECT OF FERTILIZATION ON CELL SIZE IN WOOD OF Eucalyptus grandis HILL Ex Maiden

The use of fertilization in forest stands results in yield gains, yet little attention has been directed to its potential effects on the quality of wood produced. Information is scarce about the effect of fertilization on anatomical structures of older Eucalyptus wood. This work aims to study the effect of fertilization on tissue cell size of wood from a Eucalyptus grandis stand at age 21 years, the management system of which is based on selective thinning and fertilizer application at the start of the thinning season. Factors to consider include: presence or absence of fertilizers, two log positions and five radial (pith to bark) positions. Results led to the conclusion that fertilization significantly influenced only vessel frequency. Vessel element length was influenced by tree height. Fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber wall thickness, vessel element length, vessel diameter and vessel frequency were influenced by the radial position of the sample in relation to the log. A positive correlation was observed between fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber wall thickness, vessel element length, vessel diameter, ray width and radial position, while a negative correlation was observed between ray frequency and radial position.

GENETIC VARIATION AMONG AND WITHIN PROVENANCES AND PROGENIES OF Corymbia maculata (Hook.) K. D. Hill and L. A. S. Johnson, IN PEDERNEIRAS, SP

Conduziu-se este estudo, com o objetivo de estimar a variacao e parâmetros geneticos em um teste de procedencias e progenies de C. maculata (ex Eucalyptus maculata Hook.), implantado na Estacao Experimental de Pederneiras, Instituto Florestal de Sao Paulo. O teste foi implantado com 21 progenies de polinizacao aberta da procedencia Woondum St. Forest e 17 da Wondai St. Forest, ambas da Australia. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos de familias compactas, com dez blocos, parcelas lineares de seis plantas e duas linhas de bordadura externa, no espacamento 3 x 2 m. Foram avaliados os caracteres diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP), altura, volume, forma e sobrevivencia aos quatro e 21 anos de idade. Foram detectadas diferencas significativas apenas aos quatro anos entre procedencias para DAP e altura e entre progenies para DAP, altura e volume. O coeficiente de variacao genetica foi maior para todos os caracteres na idade de 21 anos. O coeficiente de herdabilidade em nivel de progenies (hm2) tambem foi superior aos 21 anos e variou de 0,21 para volume a 0,40 para altura, indicando que o progresso genetico pode ser obtido pela selecao das melhores progenies. As correlacoes geneticas foram altas entre os caracteres, nas mesmas e diferentes idades, o que mostra a possibilidade de se obterem ganhos geneticos pela selecao indireta e precoce. Os resultados indicaram que altos ganhos podem ser obtidos se uma alta intensidade de selecao for aplicada entre e dentro de progenies, com valores variando de 12,48 % para altura a 21,77 % para volume.

ECOLOGICAL WOOD ANATOMY OF OCOTEA CURUCUTUENSIS

We studied wood anatomy and specific gravity in a total of 18 trees of Ocotea curucutuensis, a recently described species, lacking wood anatomical information. Nine sample trees were obtained in each of two areas, Pico do Itapeva (PI) and Nucleo Curucutu (NC), both in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. These areas have marked differences in precipitation, altitude, and temperature. Anatomical differences between the two populations appeared related to tree size, and possibly indirectly to climate. Higher wood specific gravity related with the smaller diameter in NC trees is hypothesized to contribute to mechanical support of the epiphyte-laden trees and to resistance against the prevailing strong winds.

Caracterização do lenho e variação radial de Pittosporum undulatum Vent. (pau-incenso)

Characterization of wood and radial variation of Pittosporum undulatum Vent. - pau-incenso). We studied the wood Pittosporum undulatum in Alberto Lofgren State Park, aiming to make its characterization, to investigate the radial variation of the anatomy and basic density and your relations and discuss the results in an ecological context. We utilized the standard methods to anatomy and wood density. The anatomical features corroborate the described for the genus, highlighting the presence of layer growth, not mentioned in the literature. The fibers diameter showed no radial variation, the other anatomical features, besides the density and vulnerability, mesomorphic and vessel grouping indexes increased toward the bark. There are positive relations between basic density and fiber wall thickness. The ecological analysis of the wood indicated that P. undulatum, investing more in security than in efficiency in the xylem water transport, since the values of ecological indexes are related to plants adapted to conditions of lower water availability.

Efeito da fertilização em propriedades mecânicas da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis

The effect of the fertilization in the amount and quality of the produced wood is one of the questions to be considered in the research of the Eucalyptus grandis. The present work aimed to evaluate the fertilization effect in the mechanical properties of Eucalyptus grandis. The population of Eucalyptus grandis was 21 years old and was managed under the system of selective thinning, with application of fertilizers. The factors used in this study were: presence or absence of fertilizers, two positions of log and five radial positions. The influences of the factors and of their combinations were evaluated regarding to compression strength, shear strength, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity in static banding. The compressive strength and the modulus of elasticity had been influenced by the factors: fertilizer and radial positions of the log. There was also an increase in the direction of the pith-bark in all studied properties. A good positive relationship was found to exist among the compression strength, the shear, the modulus of rupture and the modulus of elasticity with radial position.