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Dive into the research topics where Issachar Gilad is active.

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Featured researches published by Issachar Gilad.


Spine | 1986

A Study of Vertebra and Disc Geometric Relations of the Human Cervical and Lumbar Spine

Issachar Gilad; Moshe Nissan

Geometric configuration and dimensions of the human vertebra were investigated using x-ray photographs of 157 normal, healthy men. A simplified model of the vertebra in the midsagittal plane is presented and used as a basis for measurements. Geometric considerations and statistical analysis served for correlating significant measurements of vertebral bodies and intervertebral disks of the human spine.


Iie Transactions | 1995

A dual-phase model for the individual learning process in industrial tasks

Ezey M. Dar-El; K. Ayas; Issachar Gilad

A new dual-phase model for learning industrial tasks is presented, based on the combined effects of cognitive and motor processes. The model proposes that cognitive elements dominate learning during the early cycles, whereas motor elements dominate the learning process as the number of repetitions becomes large. The implication is that the observed learning slope is a variable whose value gradually increases as experience is gained. Experimental studies are described whose results support the behavior of the dual-phase learning model.


Journal of Biomechanics | 1986

Dimensions of human lumbar vertebrae in the sagittal plane

Moshe Nissan; Issachar Gilad

Geometrical dimensions of the lumbar segments were determined from a series of lateral radiographs. A two-dimensional model of the lumbar vertebra in the sagittal plane is used. The model is based on five landmarks, which enable the determination of twelve geometrical parameters. The sample includes 157 healthy young males, 20-38 years old. Two-dimensional analysis of vertebral body height, depth and intervertebral spacing was performed. In all subjects disc height increases from L1 to L5, while anterior height is always bigger than posterior height, which emphasizes the lordotic shape of the lumbar region. Anthropometrical values are presented and geometrical relations between the lumbar segments are discussed.


Iie Transactions | 1995

Predicting performance times for long cycle time tasks

Ezey M. Dar-El; K. Ayas; Issachar Gilad

A long cycle time task is assumed to consist of a series of non-repetitive unique sub-tasks whose standard times average at about 1 ½ minutes. ‘Forgetting’ is therefore a consequence of a specific sub-task reappearing in the next cycle after a whole cycle time of other activities is completed. Learning behavior of long cycle tasks is therefore predicted on the learning of its constituent sub-tasks. A method for predicting the learning curve parameters for the sub-tasks (the learning constant, and execution time of the first repetition) are proposed and tested. The extent of ‘forgetting’ is empirically determined as a function of the learning constant and interruption length. Finally, a model is developed for predicting execution times for long cycle tasks.


Human Factors | 2007

Ergonomic Evaluation of the Ambulance Interior to Reduce Paramedic Discomfort and Posture Stress

Issachar Gilad; Eyal Byran

Objective: This study aims to evaluate safety and accessibility of an advanced life support (ALS) ambulance interior. Background: The standard ambulances interior design is unsatisfactory based on perceived discomfort and postures that constrain paramedics and medical staff, resulting in unsafe treatment of patients, mainly when being transported. Methods: Two procedures were used to evaluate performance during a wide range of rescue tasks: a survey, based on questionnaires, interviews, and observation of paramedics performing routine tasks; and upper body and back posture analysis, based on postural considerations. Results: Findings revealed that 74% of the paramedics stated that the location of the paramedics seat is inefficient while they perform clinical procedures; 94% found the bench uncomfortable; 77% felt that the vertical distance between the bench and the stretcher is too far; and 86% needed to steady themselves when the vehicle was moving. Posture analysis showed that paramedics undergo several nonneutral back postures, including twisted back (>20°) and sitting with back flexion between 20° and 45°. Conclusion: Because the interior of the ALS ambulance was found to be unsatisfactory both to paramedics and patients, alternative design issues are proposed. Application: The suggested practical layout contains four main modifications: (a) replacing the bench with two adjustable paramedic seats, (b) redesigning the medical cabinet for easy access, (c) adding an adjustable folding seat opposite the two new seats, and (d) adding a swiveling base and lifting apparatus that will accommodate the stretcher and enable better accessibility to patients by the paramedic personnel.


International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics | 2000

Muscular effort in four keyboard designs

Issachar Gilad; Shlomit Harel

The paper is addressed to the issue of health and safety in data entry tasks. Its importance is in examining basic geometrical measures in the design of keyboards for optimal usage in data processing. Seven professional typists participated in the investigation, operating four different keyboard geometrys. The keyboards were characterized as flat, negative, Tony and apart designs. The study includes objective and subjective parameters to identify geometrical measures for postural comfort and muscular efforts. EMG recordings were analyzed to determine four muscles’ effort. The study indicates that a negative slope design has a geometrical advantage over three other keyboards. EMG findings show that the effort of the Flexor muscle, while keying with a negative keyboard design, is less by 36% than the effort found using Tony design, and by 58% less than using an apart design (p<0.05). Typing quality was 64% lower when using Tony design and 60% lower when using apart design compared to the negative design (p<0.05). Relevance to industry The growing problem of work-related hazards in the expanding population of computer users was the rationale for this study which addressed itself to the issue of design for safety and performance in keyboard operations.


International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics | 1995

A methodology for functional ergonomics in repetitive work

Issachar Gilad

Abstract The causes of cumulative trauma disorders are complex in nature and usually no single factor or simple reason can be determined during job evaluation. Cumulative Trauma Disorders, also called Repetitive Strain Injuries, have been found to be a major source of occupational disability; its causes and contributing events need to be carefully studied. The necessity of understanding physiological causes of occupational injuries is growing now that more safety issues and ergonomics intervention programs are imposed by work regulations. A methodology for resolving the biomechanical cause of a trauma due to job requirements, is proposed in this paper. The method relates to the potentially hazardous movements that appear in a frequent manner during selected work cycles. The idea is that the core of hazardous movements are to be screened from all other movements, and then specifically analyzed. The paper presents an inspection and analysis approach to be performed on jobs with highly manual effort, in order to enhance safe performance and trauma prevention. The methodology is demonstrated in an industrial application where an analysis of a highly manipulative task will be discussed.


International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics | 1986

About the risks of back pain and work environment

Issachar Gilad; Alan Kirschenbaum

Abstract A study of 250 employees from mine work organizations laid the basis for statistical analysis. These organizations included five production and four service oriented worksites. Analysis shows that a significant difference exists between back pain severity and physical exertion at the job. The risk of incidence of severe back pain—in contrast to its sporadic appearance—actually tends to decrease as the physical effort involved in performing a task increases. Characteristics of working population revealed that there is a general increase in the rates of back pain as tenure at work increases. Viewing the data more closely reveals that tenure at the job generally increases the risk of more serious back pain as compared with that of sporadic sufferers. The risks of sporadic back pain are comparable, regardless of both degrees of effort required to perform a task and the type of effort needed. Only slight differences can be found by the type of physical, mental, or emotional effort involved.


International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics | 1999

Architecture of an expert system for ergonomics analysis and design

Issachar Gilad; Reuven Karni

Abstract The architecture of a computerized ergonomics expert system (ERGOEX) for ameliorating the conditions of workers at a workplace is described. The purpose of this computer-assisted tool is to transform sets of worker data and working requirements into a specification or description of an artifact, which is capable of producing ergonomic functions. The ergonomic advisor has been developed so as to reach out to both expert and non-expert users, who can thereby take advantage of this novel approach to workplace design without requiring sophisticated computing equipment. Turbo-Pascal has been chosen as language, rather than an expert system shell, or a logic-based language. In realizing the aims of “guidance” and “user friendliness” we have adopted the principle that the expert system must be able to interface with both novice and expert users. The analysis function is represented as hierarchy, workplace structure, environment, and evaluation and failure analysis at the highest level, and further breakdowns at lower levels. The design process is divided into data input, generation of recommendations, critiquing, and referral to sources for basic supplementary information. Relevance to industry The article describes an expert advisory system to be used by Industrial Engineers, Ergonomists, factory personnel and medical staff for analysis, evaluation and design of a workplace. The methodology has been developed for both expert and non-expert practitioners, who can operate the system using an interactive man–computer dialogue.


International Journal of Production Research | 2010

Minimising idle times in cluster tools in the semiconductor industry

N. Lati; Issachar Gilad

This paper is dedicated to the problem of sequencing handlers moves in cluster tools in the semiconductor industry. A suboptimal sequence of the handlers moves usually leads to long idle times in the cluster tools chambers and hence longer makespan and lower throughput. Therefore, an effective algorithm that minimises idle times in the cluster tools chambers is required. An algorithm called MinBIT (minimising bottleneck idle time) is presented as a new method for sequencing the handlers moves. The MinBIT algorithm gives priority to the bottleneck stage, and thus leads to a reduction in unnecessary idle times and hence a shorter makespan. We compared the MinBIT algorithm with other algorithms. Our algorithm achieved best performance in 98% of the cases. In the other 2% of the cases it achieved second or third best performance. The computational results show that the MinBIT algorithm can improve the performance of a cluster tool by up to 10%. A comparison between the MinBIT solutions and the optimal solutions found by using branch and bound, shows that the deviation between them ranged between 0% and 0.22%, which indicates that MinBIT gives optimal or near optimal results.

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Eyal Byran

Technion – Israel Institute of Technology

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Alan Kirschenbaum

Technion – Israel Institute of Technology

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Daniel Boughanim

Technion – Israel Institute of Technology

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Ezey M. Dar-El

Technion – Israel Institute of Technology

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M. Elnekave

Technion – Israel Institute of Technology

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Moshe A. Pollatschek

Technion – Israel Institute of Technology

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Moshe Nissan

Technion – Israel Institute of Technology

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Shlomit Harel

Technion – Israel Institute of Technology

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