Italo Foppiani

A preliminary overview of the multiconjugate adaptive optics module for the E-ELT

The multi-conjugate adaptive optics module for the European Extremely Large Telescope has to provide a corrected field of medium to large size (up to 2 arcmin), over the baseline wavelength range 0.8-2.4 μm. The current design is characterized by two post-focal deformable mirrors, that complement the correction provided by the adaptive telescope; the wavefront sensing is performed by means of a high-order multiple laser guide star wavefront sensor and by a loworder natural guide star wavefront sensor. The present status of a two years study for the advanced conceptual design of this module is reported.

Laser guide stars for extremely large telescopes: efficient Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor design using the weighted centre–of–gravity algorithm

Over the last few years increasing consideration has been given to the study of laser guide stars (LGS) for the measurement of the disturbance introduced by the atmosphere in optical and near-infrared (near-IR) astronomical observations from the ground. A possible method for the generation of a LGS is the excitation of the sodium layer in the upper atmosphere at approximately 90 km of altitude. Since the sodium layer is approximately 10 km thick, the artificial reference source looks elongated, especially when observed from the edge of a large aperture. The spot elongation strongly limits the performance of the most common wavefront sensors. The centroiding accuracy in a Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor, for instance, decreases proportionally to the elongation (in a photon noise dominated regime). To compensate for this effect, a straightforward solution is to increase the laser power, i.e. to increase the number of detected photons per subaperture. The scope of the work presented in this paper is twofold: an analysis of the performance of the weighted centre of gravity algorithm for centroiding with elongated spots and the determination of the required number of photons to achieve a certain average wavefront error over the telescope aperture.

The Multiple Field of View Layer Oriented wavefront sensing system of LINC-NIRVANA: two arcminutes of corrected field using solely Natural Guide Stars

LINC-NIRVANA is an infrared camera that will work in Fizeau interferometric way at the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT). It will take advantage of a field corrected from two MCAO systems, one for each arm, based on the Layer Oriented Technique and using solely Natural Guide Stars. For each arm, there will be two wavefront sensors, one conjugated to the Ground and one conjugated to a selectable altitude, ranging from 4 to 15 Km. They will explore different fields of view for the wavefront sensing operations, accordingly to the Multiple Field of View concept, and particularly the inner 2 arcminutes FoV will be used to select the references for the high layer wavefront sensor while the ground one will explore a wider anular field, going from 2 to 6 arcminutes in diameter. The wavefront sensors are under INAF responsibility, and their construction is ongoing in different italian observatories. Here we report on progress, and particularly on the test ongoing in Padova observatory on the Ground Layer Wavefront Sensor.

Conceptual design and performance of the multiconjugate adaptive optics module for the European Extremely Large Telescope

The Multi-conjugate Adaptive Optics RelaY (MAORY) for the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT) provides a corrected field of view of up to 2 arcmin diameter over the wavelength range 0.8-2.4 μm. It is expected to achieve a correction of high quality and uniformity with high sky coverage: with a seeing of 0.8 arcsec in the visible, the expected Strehl Ratio averaged over a 1 arcmin field is approximately 50% at 2.16 μm wavelength over 50% of the sky at the Galactic Pole. Wavefront correction is obtained by means of the E-ELT adaptive mirrors M4/M5 and of two post-focal deformable mirrors conjugated at 4km and 12.7km from the telescope pupil. Wavefront sensing is performed by 6 Sodium laser guide stars and by 3 natural guide stars, used to measure atmospheric and windshake tilt and to provide a reference for the focus and for the low-order aberrations induced by the Sodium layer. MAORY is located on the E-ELT Nasmyth platform and has a gravity invariant port, feeding the high angular resolution camera MICADO, and a lateral port for a detached instrument as the infrared spectrograph SIMPLE.

Preparing for the phase B of the E-ELT MCAO module project

The Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics module for the European Extremely Large Telescope has been designed to achieve uniform compensation of the atmospheric turbulence effects on a wide field of view in the near infrared. The design realized in the Phase A of the project is undergoing major revision in order to define a robust baseline in view of the next phases of the project. An overview of the on-going activities is presented.

End to end numerical simulations of the MAORY multiconjugate adaptive optics system

MAORY is the adaptive optics module of the E-ELT that will feed the MICADO imaging camera through a gravity invariant exit port. MAORY has been foreseen to implement MCAO correction through three high order deformable mirrors driven by the reference signals of six Laser Guide Stars (LGSs) feeding as many Shack- Hartmann Wavefront Sensors. A three Natural Guide Stars (NGSs) system will provide the low order correction. We develop a code for the end-to-end simulation of the MAORY adaptive optics (AO) system in order to obtain high-fidelity modeling of the system performance. It is based on the IDL language and makes extensively uses of the GPUs. Here we present the architecture of the simulation tool and its achieved and expected performance.

The MCAO wavefront sensing system of LINC-NIRVANA: status report

LINC-NIRVANA is an infrared camera that will work in Fizeau interferometric way at the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT). The two beams that will be combined in the camera are corrected by an MCAO system, aiming to cancel the turbulence in a scientific field of view of 2 arcminutes. The MCAO wavefront sensors will be two for each arm, with the task to sense the atmosphere at two different altitudes (the ground one and a second height variable between a few kilometers and a maximum of 15 kilometers). The first wavefront sensor, namely the Ground layer Wavefront sensor (GWS), will drive the secondary adaptive mirror of LBT, while the second wavefront sensor, namely the Mid High layer Wavefront Sensor (MHWS) will drive a commercial deformable mirror which will also have the possibility to be conjugated to the same altitude of the correspondent wavefront sensor. The entire system is of course duplicated for the two telescopes, and is based on the Multiple Field of View (MFoV) Layer Oriented (LO) technique, having thus different FoV to select the suitable references for the two wavefront sensor: the GWS will use the light of an annular field of view from 2 to 6 arcminutes, while the MHWS will use the central 2 arcminutes part of the FoV. After LINC-NIRVANA has accomplished the final design review, we describe the MFoV wavefront sensing system together with its current status.

Photon counting CCDs as wavefront sensors for A.O.

Limiting magnitude of A.O. reference stars is set by wavefront sensor intrinsic noise. Recently available avalanche intensified CCD detectors allow single photon event detection (photon counting) virtually free from readout noise. The paper describes a program started in spring 2002, aiming to use a Marconi L3CCD as a wavefront sensor for A.O.

MAORY: adaptive optics module for the E-ELT

MAORY is one of the four instruments for the E-ELT approved for construction. It is an adaptive optics module offering two compensation modes: multi-conjugate and single-conjugate adaptive optics. The project has recently entered its phase B. A system-level overview of the current status of the project is given in this paper.

An Infrared Test Camera for LBT adaptive optics commissioning

A joint project among INAF--Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna (Italy), Università di Bologna--Dipartimento di Astronomia (Italy) and Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (Heidelberg, Germany) led in about one year to the construction of two infrared test cameras for the LBT Observatory. Such cameras will be used to test the performance achieved by the telescope adaptive optics system as well as to prepare the telescope pointing model and to completely test all the focal stations at the Gregorian focus. In the present article the design and the integration of the two test cameras are described. The achieved performances are presented as well.