Ivan Granemann de Souza Junior

Lixiviação de íons após a aplicação de resíduos orgânicos de uma indústria farmoquímica

In the last decades, increasing amounts of industrial residues have been deposited in the soil in either a planned way, or accidentally. The objective of this work is to evaluate the impact of the application of a high dose of organic residues (Biossolid - Bs and Sludge - Sd) produced by a pharmochemical industry on the contamination of spring waters. Therefore, an experiment was set up in PVC columns of 20 x 120 cm (diameter x height) in a factorial design 2 x 2 x 2+ 2 with, 2 soils (NVdf and PVd), 2 residues (Bs and Sd), 2 forms of application of 1 million L ha-1 (incorporated and on surface), and a control for each soil. In each column, ten water applications were performed corresponding to 120% of the water column holding capacity; the leached water was collected to evaluate its chemical attributes. EC of the leached water presented a decrease from 1st to the 2nd water application, and the pH increased until the fourth water application. The appraised ions presented different behaviors; those that form outer sphere complex (NO3-, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+) had fast leaching. The nutrients that form inner sphere complex behaved differently, and PO43- presented low leaching, while K+ leached less than the control and SO42- leached more after the 3rd water application.

Avaliação agronômica de biossólidos tratados por diferentes métodos químicos para aplicação na cultura do milho

The presence of pathogens and potentially toxic metals are the main limitations for the agronomic recycling of sewage sludge. This study evaluated the application of biosolids, chemically treated in a distrophic Red Latosol in the production and in the absorption of nutrients by the maize crop. The sludge was treated with lime, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic and acetic acids. Biosolids treated with organic acids were neutralized with lime. The biosolids were applied in pots at a dose equivalent to 50 t ha-1 and maize was grown for a period of 55 days, and later the dry matter production and concentrations of nutrients were determined in the shoots. The highest dry matter production was observed in treatment with peracetic acid (APA) and the lowest in the treatment with lime. The application of biosolids increased the levels of macronutrients in the plant shoots. The concentration levels of Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe and Pb in the plants were below the phytotoxic limits. The biosolids showed to be an important source of nutrients for the initial development of the maize crop. Alternative treatments of the sludge can be effective in controlling pathogens and facilitate agricultural recycling of biosolids.

Avaliação e quantificação das frações silte, areia e argila por meio de suas respectivas reflectâncias

Routine tests to determine physical and chemical soil properties have been used for several years. However, due to economic and environmental problems, new assessment methods must be developed. In this context, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is a promising and quick tool in the determination of these properties. The objective of this work was to study the spectral behavior of the silt, sand and clay fractions and evaluate the possibility of quantifying these properties with regression models generated for each individual element. To develop the models, individual silt, sand and clay fractions from two areas formed by different materials were used. The models were validated using the reflectance factor of soil samples in their natural state collected in the municipality of Lobato, Parana. The results showed that it was possible to satisfactorily estimate the percentage of sand in soil samples from Lobato by individual models of the Cooperval production plant, unlike in the case of individual models adjusted for the Experimental Farm of Iguatemi. It was not possible to estimate the silt and clay fraction in the Lobato soil samples satisfactorily by the individual models. It was therefore concluded that although the results had not reached the ideal level, diffuse spectroradiometry proved to be a promising tool for the estimation of soil physical properties; in the near future this technique may support or even replace the analytical laboratory methods, reducing the time and cost spent on the analyses.