Ivana Parezanović

In-situ scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction investigation on the oxidation of pure iron

Abstract α-iron samples, with a 4 to 6 nm oxide layer on top of the surface due to preparation, were oxidised in situ within a scanning electron microscopy equipped with electron back-scatter diffraction. At 773 and 973 K, two different growth mechanisms during the initial stage of iron oxide formation could be observed, layer-by-layer growth at 773K and island growth at 973 K. The growth mechanism at 973K is correlated to the formation of a thin layer of Fe1–XO (wüstite) prior to Fe3O4 (magnetite) crystallisation whereas at 773K only magnetite was found as newly grown oxide. Magnetite showed a strong epitaxial relationship to α-iron with its {111} plane growing preferentially on the {110} plane of iron.

Selective oxidation and segregation during annealing of steels at low oxygen partial pressures

Abstract Industrial annealing of automotive steel grades is carried out in order to improve the mechanical properties and to adjust the grain size. However, the surface chemistry changes drastically due to selective oxidation and segregation phenomena, which significantly influence the further surface treatment, i.e. hot dip galvanizing. The paper discusses results of laboratory experiments on selective oxidation and segregation of minor alloying elements Mn, Al, Cr and Si and non-metallic elements B, P and S during annealing of steel sheets in an N2–5%H2 atmosphere as a function of dew point. It will be shown that at lower dew points mostly external oxidation of Al and Mn occurs, where B shows a high tendency to segregate to the free surface and to form a BN film, especially observed on ferritic/austenitic steel. With increasing dew point, the oxidation of Al becomes internal and Mn, Si and Cr are oxidized externally. Boron also segregates to the surface by forming mixed Mn–B oxides and in the case of ferritic steels suppresses Si segregation and oxidation. The formation of phosphates by segregation of P becomes important at a D.P. of 0°C.