Ivar Bjørklund

Domestication, Reindeer Husbandry and the Development of Sámi Pastoralism

Abstract A recurrent topic in ethnographic, historical and archaeological research has been the origins of Sámi reindeer pastoralism. The article discusses how prevailing theories have been influenced by general conceptual schemes, apriori constructed models and an extensive use of taxonomies. The debate has centered around how and when domestication took place, presupposing a paradigmatic change from hunting to pastoralism. However, there has probably never been an abrupt change; hunting and herding have both been parts of a multifaceted adaption existing up to the nineteenth century. What did change was the social organization of herding when a pastoral economy became the norm at that time. Such a change also had qualitative consequences in terms of new values and economic strategies.

The anatomy of a millennarian movement

Sammendrag Artikkelen tar for seg utbredelsen og rekrutteringen til den samiske oppstanden i Guovdageaidnu i 1852. Det er i de organisatoriske forutsetninger som reindriftssamfunnet bygger pa, at vi finner forklaringen pa hvem som deltok i oppstanden. Siida‐samfunnets bilaterale rekrutteringspraksis muliggjorde en rask og geografisk omfattende oppslutning rundt en visjon om a fjerne de lokale norske myndigheter til fordel for et samisk religiost lederskap. Kildene viser at alle de halvt hundre deltagerne var i slekt med hverandre gjennom inngifte og soskenrelasjoner.

Fields of interaction and implication systems: Læstadianism and social change in the north of Norway

Laetadianism—the religious revival as it appeared in Northern Norway in the second half of the last century—is analyzed as a form of symbolic opposition (Schwimmer 1972) from the Sami and the Kvens against the Norwegian policy of cultural and economic integration. The expansion of Norwegian administration and economy from the middle of the 19th century, established new status‐sets and fields of interaction within agriculture, school‐system and health service. Events and interaction within each of these fields created circumstances for what took place in the actors other relationship and this dynamic is thus analysed as implication systems (Grenhaug 1978). All interaction with Norwegian society was built upon Norwegian statuses and values and the Sami and Kvens established a new definition of the situation by reversing the Norwegian standards through the medium of Christianity. Their material poverty was converted into spiritual wealth and thus a different inter‐ethnic context of interaction surfaced. This...