J.C. González

The influence of growth conditions on the microstructure and critical currents of TFA-MOD YBa2Cu3O7 films

The influence of three processing parameters, temperature, gas flow rate and water pressure, on the YBa2Cu3O7 film growth on LaAlO3 single-crystal substrates from trifluoroacetate precursors has been investigated and the optimal film processing conditions to achieve high critical currents have been determined. We have found that the growth conditions maximizing the critical current density are those where the nucleation of a-axis oriented grains is minimized, as determined by μ-Raman spectroscopy. Under these conditions the normal state resistivity is very near to that of single crystals because a vanishingly small film porosity is achieved. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of films quenched from the growth temperature gives some hints for understanding the mechanism linking the film porosity with the concentration of a-axis grains. A cross-linked influence of different processing parameters, such as temperature and water pressure, or water pressure and gas flow, has been demonstrated. The optimal growth temperatures are 790–830 °C, but at these growth temperatures, the critical current density is still dependent on the gas flow rate and water pressure. The optimal processing ranges are a compromise between two different competing phenomena influencing the quality of the films: inhomogeneous film formation due to HF gas stagnancy at small nominal growth rates (low gas flow rate or water pressure) and perturbed crystallinity at high gas flow rates or water pressures.

Effect of Interferon-α, Interferon-γ and Tumour Necrosis Factor on African Swine Fever Virus Replication in Porcine Monocytes and Macrophages

Bovine interferon-alpha I1 (IFN-alpha I1) and porcine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) inhibited African swine fever virus replication in both porcine monocytes and alveolar macrophages. The most potent antiviral activity was observed with IFN-gamma-treated alveolar macrophages. The production of both a virulent (CC83) and a non-virulent (BA71) isolate of the virus was inhibited. Bovine tumour necrosis factor alpha did not show antiviral activity in either monocytes or alveolar macrophages. Rather, an increase of African swine fever virus production in tumour necrosis factor alpha-treated monocytes was found. An analysis of viral protein synthesis in IFN-alpha I1- and IFN-gamma-treated alveolar macrophages showed an inhibition of synthesis of some viral proteins. The inhibition of late proteins was very pronounced in IFN-gamma-treated cells, and it was probably a consequence of the inhibition of African swine fever virus DNA polymerase activity.

High quality YBa2Cu3O7 thin films grown by trifluoroacetates metalorganic deposition

Chemical solution growth of epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7 thin films on single crystalline substrates has been investigated using trifluoroacetate precursors. The concentration of the starting solution was selected to achieve a final film thickness of 250 nm. First, it is shown that high quality films can only be achieved if an homogeneous nanocrystalline film is obtained after the spin coating deposition and pyrolysis steps. Secondary phases such as BaCuO2, Y2BaCuO5 and CuO remain after the high temperature growth process, when macrosegregation is detected after these initial processing steps. A local degradation of texture associated with macrosegregation is detected by μ-Raman spectroscopy. The influence of growth temperature on the film quality has been analysed and the reaction times have been optimized at each temperature according to the reaction kinetics. In-situ fluoride analysis and μ-Raman spectroscopy have been used to determine the advancement of the formation reaction. The most apparent microstructural modification of these thin film samples with optimized annealing times has been found to be an enhanced porosity for low processing temperatures. The influence of porosity on the normal state resistivity and the critical currents has been evidenced. Optimized processing parameters lead to samples with very high critical currents (Jabc = 3.2 × 106 A cm−2 at 77 K and 2.7 × 107 A cm−2 at 5 K) which demonstrates the capability of the trifluoroacetate metalorganic deposition method for thin film and coated conductor preparation.

Growth regimes of porous gold thin films deposited by magnetron sputtering at oblique incidence: from compact to columnar microstructures

Growth regimes of gold thin films deposited by magnetron sputtering at oblique angles and low temperatures are studied from both theoretical and experimental points of view. Thin films were deposited in a broad range of experimental conditions by varying the substrate tilt angle and background pressure, and were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy and grazing-incidence small-angle x-ray scattering techniques. Results indicate that the morphological features of the films strongly depend on the experimental conditions, but can be categorized within four generic microstructures, each of them defined by a different bulk geometrical pattern, pore percolation depth and connectivity. With the help of a growth model, a microstructure phase diagram has been constructed where the main features of the films are depicted as a function of experimentally controllable quantities, finding a good agreement with the experimental results in all the studied cases.

Influence of porosity on the critical currents of trifluoroacetate-MOD YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ films

The influence of porosity on the superconducting properties have been investigated on YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ thin films deposited on LaAlO/sub 3/ [100] substrates by the so-called Trifluoroacetate (TFA) route. Micro-Raman spectroscopy have been used to determine the concentration of c-axis grains /spl delta/ in different samples and their influence on the final film porosity as observed from SEM imaging. This has been compared with measurements of resistivity and critical currents in the same samples. We prove that this /spl delta/ fraction is the main parameter controlling the porosity and hence the normal-state resistivity of the thin films. The optimization of the microstructure of these YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ TFA films allow to have high critical currents : J/sub c/ = 3 /spl times/ 10/sup 6/ A/cm/sup 2/ at 77 K.

Influence of plasma-generated negative oxygen ion impingement on magnetron sputtered amorphous SiO2 thin films during growth at low temperatures

Growth of amorphous SiO2 thin films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering at low temperatures has been studied under different oxygen partial pressure conditions. Film microstructures varied from coalescent vertical column-like to homogeneous compact microstructures, possessing all similar refractive indexes. A discussion on the process responsible for the different microstructures is carried out focusing on the influence of (i) the surface shadowing mechanism, (ii) the positive ion impingement on the film, and (iii) the negative ion impingement. We conclude that only the trend followed by the latter and, in particular, the impingement of O- ions with kinetic energies between 20 and 200 eV, agrees with the resulting microstructural changes. Overall, it is also demonstrated that there are two main microstructuring regimes in the growth of amorphous SiO2 thin films by magnetron sputtering at low temperatures, controlled by the amount of O2 in the deposition reactor, which stem from the competition betw...

Chemical solution techniques for epitaxial growth of oxide buffer and YBa2Cu3O7 films

Abstract Chemical solution techniques have been investigated for the growth of both, oxide buffer layers suitable for coated conductors and YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 thin films, on single crystal substrates. Growth conditions have been optimised for CeO 2 and BaZrO 3 buffer layers, leading to high quality epitaxial films (misorientation spread typically below 1°). YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 films (thickness: 250 nm) have been grown from trifluoroacetate precursors. The kinetic hindrances for the formation of single phases have been investigated by means of Raman spectroscopy and fluorine analysis. After optimisation of the deposition and growth conditions very high critical currents have been achieved (J c ab =3.2×10 6 A/cm 2 at 77 K and 2.7×10 7 A/cm 2 at 5 K).

Epitaxial nucleation and growth of buffer layers and Y123 coated conductors deposited by metal-organic decomposition

Abstract Solution-based deposition of buffer and superconductor layers offers routes to a low-cost YBCO coated conductor technology for high temperature superconductor tapes. In this work we explore the possibility of the preparation procedure of BaZrO 3 buffer and YBCO layers on SrTiO 3 (STO) single crystal substrates by metal-organic decomposition. BaZrO 3 buffer layers have been processed on single crystal substrates using a precursor solution based on barium acetate and zirconium 2,4-pentadionate in acetic acid. YBCO superconducting films were prepared on STO single crystals using trifluoroacetate precursors. X-ray diffraction and pole figure analyses denote good phase purity and high in-plane alignment (

Luminescent 3-hydroxyflavone nanocomposites with a tuneable refractive index for photonics and UV detection by plasma assisted vacuum deposition

Luminescent organic-thin-films transparent in the visible region have been synthesized by a plasma assisted vacuum deposition method. The films have been developed for their implementation in photonic devices and for UV detection. They consist of a plasma polymeric matrix that incorporates 3-hydroxyflavone molecules characterized by absorption of UV radiation and emission of green light. The present work studies in detail the properties and synthesis of this kind of transparent and luminescent material. The samples were characterized by X-ray photoemission (XPS), infrared (FT-IR) and secondary ion mass (ToF-SIMS) spectroscopies; and their optical properties were analysed by UV-Vis absorption, fluorescence and ellipsometry (VASE) spectroscopies. The key factors controlling the optical and luminescent properties of the films are also discussed. Indeed, our experimental results show how the optical properties of the films can be adjusted for their integration in photonic devices. Moreover, time resolved and steady state fluorescence analyses, including quantum yield determination, indicate that the fluorescence efficiency is a function of the deposition parameters. An outstanding property of these materials is that, even for high UV absorption values (i.e. large layer thickness and/or dye concentration), the emitted light is not reabsorbed by the film. Such highly UV absorbent and green emitting films can be used as UV photodetectors with a detection threshold smaller than 10 μW cm−2, a value similar to the limit of some commercial UV photodetectors. Based on these properties, the use of the films as visual tags for the detection of solar UV irradiation is proposed.

High J/sub c/ YBCO thin films and multilayers grown by chemical solution deposition

Chemical solution deposition (CSD) has emerged as a very competitive technique to obtain superconducting films of high quality. However, there is still few knowledge about how underlying microstructure can affect the performances of the YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// (YBCO) films. Here we will summarize our recent progress in this subject. We have grown YBCO thin films by the so called trifluoroacetate route on top of buffer layers also grown by CSD. By modifying the growth conditions of SrTiO/sub 3/ and BaZrO/sub 3/ buffer layers we have investigated the influence of surface roughness and grain size. The role of lattice parameter mismatch has been studied by producing multibuffered architectures such as SrTiO/sub 3//BaZrO/sub 3//LAO. It has been proved that YBCO thin films with critical currents in excess of 1 MA/cm/sup 2/ at 77 K in self field can be achieved, thus demonstrating the abilities of the CSD technique.