J. Carola Pérez

Chilean Adolescents' and Parents' Views on Autonomy Development.

This study aims to understand Chilean parents’ and adolescents’ conceptions of autonomy and whether they hold different expectations for autonomous behaviors by generation and socioeconomic level. A qualitative approach to data collection was used through separate focus groups of parents and adolescents from different socioeconomic condition. Substantial similarities in parents’ and adolescents’ conceptions of autonomy were found. Both generations conceive autonomy as multidimensional (i.e., self-sufficiency, decision making, and acting responsibly) and as an age-graded process that is achieved in interaction with parents. Participants emphasize the affective quality of the parent–adolescent relationship, particularly trust, for healthy autonomy achievement. Differences by socioeconomic status (SES) were also apparent in that low-middle-SES parents emphasize the self-sufficiency and responsibility component of autonomy, and adolescents grant more authority to parents in regulating adolescents’ behavior compared with their high-middle-SES counterparts

Evaluación de la efectividad del Programa Vínculos para la prevención e intervención del Bullying en Santiago de Chile

O Bullying, por suas caracteristicas e consequencias, tornou-se uma preocupacao central nas escolas, e estas desenvolveram diferentes formas de enfrentamento. O principal objetivo deste trabalho e avaliar a eficacia de um programa de prevencao e de intervencao sobre o bullying e cyberbullying em uma amostra de 320 alunas de uma escola em Santiago do Chile. A proposta de avaliacao realizou-se atraves de aplicacao de instrumentos antes e depois a implementacao do programa. O programa utilizou estrategias preventivas e abrangentes destinadas a realizar intervencoes em varios niveis do sistema escolar: escola, sala de aula, individuos e familias. Os resultados mostraram que o programa e eficaz na reducao de relatos de testemunhar bullying e vitimizacao atraves da internet. A eficacia do programa dever-se-ia ao respeito das diretrizes dos programas que tem se mostrado eficazes.

Verbal and nonverbal expressions of mutual regulation in relevant episodes of psychotherapy / Manifestaciones verbales y no verbales de la regulación mutua en episodios relevantes de psicoterapia

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to describe verbal and nonverbal expressions of mutual regulation between patients and therapists through the analysis of relevant episodes of five psychotherapy processes. Microanalyses of discourse, vocal quality and facial expression of emotions were conducted on both patients and therapists in 67 Episodes of Change and 86 Episodes of Rupture of the Therapeutic Alliance. The analyses were carried out using hierarchical regression, showing that both Episodes of Change and Episodes of Rupture correspond to interactional scenarios where patients and therapists use different forms of speech, vocal qualities and facial expressions that account for specific regulation processes which are coherent with such scenarios.

Therapeutic verbal communication in change episodes: a comparative microanalysis of linguistic basic forms / Comunicación verbal terapéutica en episodios de cambio: un microanálisis comparativo de las formas lingüísticas básicas

Abstract This study examines clients’ and therapists’ verbal communication during psychotherapy, in order to determine its relation to ongoing change and outcome. It replicates previous studies showing the specificity of verbalizations depending on the speaker (client or therapist) and the phase of therapy, adding its relation to change measured at the level of process and final outcome. 7,009 speaking turns of clients and therapists, nested in 139 change episodes, were analysed regarding the use of the five Linguistic Basic Forms included in the Therapeutic Activity Coding System (TACS) through Hierarchical Modelling. Results show that three of these Linguistic Basic Forms — Question, Assertion and Agreement — are related to ongoing change as well as to final outcome.

Discourse-voice regulatory strategies in the psychotherapeutic interaction: a state-space dynamics analysis

This study seeks to provide evidence of the dynamics associated with the configurations of discourse-voice regulatory strategies in patient–therapist interactions in relevant episodes within psychotherapeutic sessions. Its central assumption is that discourses manifest themselves differently in terms of their prosodic characteristics according to their regulatory functions in a system of interactions. The association between discourse and vocal quality in patients and therapists was analyzed in a sample of 153 relevant episodes taken from 164 sessions of five psychotherapies using the state space grid (SSG) method, a graphical tool based on the dynamic systems theory (DST). The results showed eight recurrent and stable discourse-voice regulatory strategies of the patients and three of the therapists. Also, four specific groups of these discourse-voice strategies were identified. The latter were interpreted as regulatory configurations, that is to say, as emergent self-organized groups of discourse-voice regulatory strategies constituting specific interactional systems. Both regulatory strategies and their configurations differed between two types of relevant episodes: Change Episodes and Rupture Episodes. As a whole, these results support the assumption that speaking and listening, as dimensions of the interaction that takes place during therapeutic conversation, occur at different levels. The study not only shows that these dimensions are dependent on each other, but also that they function as a complex and dynamic whole in therapeutic dialog, generating relational offers which allow the patient and the therapist to regulate each other and shape the psychotherapeutic process that characterizes each type of relevant episode.

Working Alliance Inventory Versión Observacional: Traducción, Adaptación y Validación al Castellano

Resumen La investigacion ha demostrado la fuerte relacion entre alianza terapeutica y resultados en psicoterapia. Una buena alianza esta asociada a mejores resultados en psicoterapia. Para medir alianza se han desarrollado una serie de instrumentos para terapeutas, pacientes, y observadores. Los instrumentos observacionales son menos intrusivos, disminuyendo los posibles efectos que las mediciones tendrian en el tratamiento. Ademas, han resultado mas valido en algunas poblaciones clinicas. En Chile no se cuenta con un instrumento confiable y validado que mida alianza terapeutica desde la perspectiva de un observador. El presente articulo da cuenta de la traduccion al castellano, y la adaptacion y validacion del Work Alliance Inventory (WAI-0) en su version observacional para Chile. El (WAI-0) es un instrumento valido y confiable para medir alianza terapeutica. Palabras Clave : Alianza Terapeutica, Adaptacion, Validacion, Instrumento Observacional. Abstract Research has shown the strong association between therapeutic alliance and therapeutic outcomes. A good alliance is linked with better outcomes in psychotherapy. A number of instruments have been developed to measure the alliance aimed at therapists, patients, and observers. Observational instruments are less intrusive, and reduce the possible effects that measurements may have on treatment. In addition, they have proven to be more valid in some clinical populations. In Chile, there are no reliable and validated instruments to measure the therapeutic alliance from the point of view of an observer. The present article introduces a translation into Spanish along with an adaptation and validation for Chile of the Work Alliance Inventory (WAI-O) in its observational version. WAI-O is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the therapeutic alliance.

Efectos de mediano plazo de un programa de intervención para madres adolescentes

Resumen Objetivo Analizar los resultados a mediano plazo de un estudio experimental que evaluó el efecto de visitas domiciliarias realizadas por paraprofesionales en madres adolescentes durante el embarazo y el primer año de vida del hijo/a, exitoso en el corto plazo. Diseño De tipo cuantitativo, con seguimiento de cohortes. Emplazamiento Dos centros de salud pertenecientes al nivel socioeconómico bajo, en Santiago de Chile. Participantes De la muestra inicial de 104 adolescentes, 69 mujeres fueron contactadas a los 48 meses de edad de los hijos/as. La pérdida fue de un 33,6%. Intervenciones Las variables de resultado evaluadas fueron: salud mental materna, inserción familiar, social y laboral de la madre, interacción madre-hijo/a y desarrollo del lenguaje y socioemocional en los hijos/as. La variable independiente correspondió a la intervención visita domiciliaria. Mediciones principales Las evaluaciones se realizaron a los 12-15 y 48 meses de edad de los hijos/as, en las madres y niños/as de los grupos experimental y control, a través de distintos cuestionarios estandarizados. Resultados Los efectos positivos sobre la salud mental materna y el desarrollo del lenguaje del niño/a encontrados a los 12-15 meses no se mantienen a los 48 meses. Solamente hubo efectos estables en la continuación de la relación de pareja. Conclusiones Sobre la base de estos resultados se discute la importancia de mantener las intervenciones en el tiempo, para contrarrestar el desvanecimiento de los efectos iniciales.

Propiedades Psicométricas del Inventario de Depresión de Beck IA para la Población Chilena

BACKGROUND According to the Chilean National Health Survey (2009-2010), 17% of people aged 15 years or more have depressive symptoms. Thus, freely-available, easily-administered, and highly sensitive screening tests for depression are needed in clinical and research settings. AIM To evaluate the psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-IA) in adult Chilean population. MATERIAL AND METHODS The inventory was applied to a sample of 1.105 adults aged between 18 to 73 years (94% women). Ninety nine participants were outpatients receiving treatment for affective disorders, 932 were parents and/or guardians of students enrolled in schools and 73 were university students (sample with no known depressive disorder). To perform data analysis, two groups from the random combination of both samples were generated. RESULTS The inventory showed an appropriate degree of internal consistency (Cronbach alpha = .92). An exploratory factor analysis suggested a one-factor solution. This solution was reinforced with a confirmatory factor analysis, which displayed an adequate goodness of fit. The cutoff score, based on the Youden Index, was 13/14 points. It was able to discriminate between depressed and non-depressed participants. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the BDI-IA is an appropriate instrument to assess depressive symptoms in Chilean adults.

Patients’ facial-affective regulation during episodes of rupture of the therapeutic alliance / Regulación afectivo-facial de pacientes durante episodios de ruptura de la alianza terapéutica

Abstract The nonverbal, implicit and affective regulation process of psychotherapy patients was studied through their facial-affective displays during Confrontation and Withdrawal Ruptures, as well as the evolution of this display throughout therapy. Twenty-six rupture episodes selected from a total of five individual therapeutic processes from different theoretical orientations were analysed using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), which analyses facial behaviour. The results showed association between expressions of Joy, Social Smile and positive emotional Valence during Withdrawal Ruptures, while Confrontation Ruptures were characterized by patients’ absence of Emotional Valence. The differential characteristics of these variables were associated with stages of therapy. The results are discussed based on the notions of agency and affiliation put into play by patients during events of relational tension.

Caracterización de cyberbullying en el gran Santiago de Chile, en el año 2010

This study characterizes the cyberbullying among students in Santiago, Chile (2010). A self-report questionnaire (Internet Experiences Questionnaire) was completed by 1,357 students from 7th to 12th grade. The sample design was non-probability and based on quota sampling. The data were weighted by gender, grade and type of school dependency. Among the respondents 50% were men, average age 15 years (SD = 1.82 years). The results show that 11.4% reported having been the victim of some form of cyberbullying and 12.5% victimizer. No significant differences were found between the gender, grade or type of school dependency of the victims. In the role of perpetrator, boys reported a higher frequency in compare to girls. We conclude that cyberbullying is a phenomenon that exists in Chilean reality, and it is mostly-homogenous in its presentation. Given this, new challenges and questions regarding the consequences of cyberbullying for students and the educational system