J. Cruz Fernandes

Newly developed cordierite–zircon composites

Abstract Cordierite-zircon ceramic composites were fabricated by die pressing a commercial cordierite powder with the addition of up to 10 wt-% zircon (ZrSiO4). Sintering of cordierite was enhanced by the ZrSiO4 addition through glass phase formation. With ZrSiO4 additions above 2·5 wt-% no further effect on the mechanical properties of the composites was observed. The maximum flexural strength at 2·5 wt-%ZrSiO4 addition was 84±7 MPa, about 30% higher than the 67±5 MPa found for pure cordierite. The strength of cordierite at 2·5 wt-%ZrSiO4 increased with sintering temperature up to 1300°C, owing to the enhanced densification. Above 1300°C, however, the strength was reduced as a result of the formation of large pockets of glassy phase. The average fracture toughness of cordierite was increased from 1·0 to 1·5 MPa m1/2 with the addition of ZrSiO . This toughening can be attri4 buted to crack deflection around ZrSiO4 particles rather than to residual compressive stresses imposed on the cordierite owing to thermal expansion mismatch between cordierite and the ZrSiO4 second phase.

Integrated assessment procedure for determining the fracture strength of glass components in CSP systems

The structural integrity and reliability of glass components are key issues for concentrated solar power (CSP) systems. For example, the glass windows in a solar furnace may suffer catastrophic fracture due to thermal and structural loadings, including reaction chamber pressure cycling. Predicting design strength provides the basis for which the optical components and mounting assembly can be designed so that failure does not occur over the operational lifetime of a given CSP system. The fracture strength of brittle materials is dependent on the size and distribution of cracks or surface flaws. Due to the inherent brittleness of glass resulting in catastrophic failure, conservative design approaches are currently used for the development of optical components made of glass, which generally neglect the specific glass composition as well as subcritical crack growth, surface area under stress, and nature of the load – either static or cyclic – phenomena. In this paper, several methods to characterize the strength of glass are discussed to aid engineers in predicting a design strength for a given surface finish, glass type, and environment. Based on the Weibull statistical approach and experimental data available on testing silica glass rod specimens, a theoretical model is developed for estimating their fracture strength under typical loading conditions. Then, an integrated assessment procedure for structural glass elements is further developed based on fracture mechanics and the theory of probability, which is based on the probabilistic modelling of the complex behaviour of glass fracture but avoids the complexity for calculation in applications. As an example, the design strength of a glass window suitable for a solar furnace reaction chamber is highlighted.