J. D. Ardisson

EXCHANGEABLE ION AND THERMAL TREATMENT EFFECTS ON BASAL SPACINGS OF Al-HYDROXY PILLARED MONTMORILLONITES

Al-hydroxy intercalated clays (ALHICs) obtained from different parent clays were used to investigate the interactions between oligomers and clay surface layers.The thermal stability of ALHICs obtained from natural, Cs-, Ca-, Ba-, Fe-, Cu- or Ce-montmorillonites has been investigated by studying the relationship between basal spacing and calcination temperature. X-ray diffraction has shown that the basal spacing of ALHICs obtained from Cu-montmorillonite calcined at 550°C is 13.4 Å, different from basal spacings of ALHICs obtained from Fe-montmorillonite (16.0 Å) and other parent clays (16.7 Å). Thermograms for AlHICs obtained from natural, Fe- and Ce-montmorillonites displayed distinct steps at 225 and 650°C, attributed to the dehydration of Al13 oligomers, and the dehydroxylation of the surface layer, respectively. By contrast, thermograms of ALHICs obtained from Cu-montmorillonite displayed one step between 250 and 700°C for both dehydration and dehydroxylation. Mössbauer parameters showed that Fe3+ octahedra in octahedral sheets are distorted in pillared interlayered clay (PILC) obtained from Cu-montmorillonite and undistorted in that obtained from Fe-montmorillonite. The difference in thermal stability for the various ALHICs is attributed to the retention of some of the original cations after intercalation with Al13 oligomers, which induces several interactions between the oligomers and the clay surface layers.

Stress-induced magnetization in Pr2Fe17Nx compounds

Abstract The dependence on x of the phases present in Pr 2 Fe 17 N x powder particles nitrided at 400°C is studied by means of Mossbauer spectroscopy. The results are compared with thermomagnetic analysis data and confirm the formation of a nitrogen-saturated core, as discussed in the literature, which is attributed to the diffusion of nitrogen through extended defects. The occurrence of three distinct Mossbauer subspectra is associated with the presence of the nitrogen-saturated phase with x = (2.8 ± 0.2), the original binary phase and a volume fraction of the Pr 2 Fe 17 phase which becomes magnetic at room temperature due to the lattice expansion provoked by a stress-strain field within the particles. A model for the partially nitrided particles is employed successfully to account for the changes in the subspectral areas as well as the approach to saturation observed in the average hyperfine field of samples with nitrogen contents as low as x = 1.5; it also produces a preliminary value for the Poisson ratio (μ = 0.2) of the Pr 2 Fe 17 phase.

Characterization of phases in the Fe-Nb system

The Fe-Nb system was investigated by means of X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy (at 300 and 77 K), in the range from 1 to 66.7 at%. We have found that the limit of solubility of Fe in Nb at 1100°C is between 3 and 4 at% Fe, and observed the coexistence of the Nb solid solution (Nbss) phase and Fe21Nb19 in the range from 4 to 40 at% Fe. The Mössbauer parameters of all the single phases are reported. The lattice parameters of Nbss phase present no significant variation with the Nb content. The X-ray pattern for the Fe21Nb19 phase could not be solved. The Laves phase Fe2Nb presents Mössbauer and X-ray parameters that agree with the literature.

Particle size dependence of the Pr2Fe17 nitrogenation process

The particle size dependence of the Pr2Fe17 nitrogenation process at 400°C is determined by the Mössbauer method. The experimental data are described in terms of a particle model consisting of spherical concentrical shells containing: (i) an expanded central core saturated with 2+ɛ atoms N per formula unit; (ii) an intermediate unnitrided shell with a volume larger than the core by a factor of about 2.4 and accommodating a stress/strain field produced by the expanded core, and (iii) an unnitrogenated undeformed external shell. We observed that small particles (d ≤ 10 ώm and most probably lower) tend to absorb higher nitrogen contents than the large ones. Our results also indicate that some small particles, most probably single crystals, do not nitrogenate.

Gamma to alpha phase transformation in FeCoV alloys

The effects of filing FeCoV alloys with equiatomic FeCo and up to 14 at% V is studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. We observed that filing eliminates the paramagnetic component observed in samples in the form of plates. The filed material also presents a linear increase of the lattice parameter and a linear decrease of the average hyperfine field of the alpha phase due to extra low-field satellites with increasing vanadium contents. This indicates that filing produces a gamma to alpha phase transformation, which increases the amount of vanadium in solid solution in the FeCo alpha phase.

A Mesoporous SiO2/γ-Fe2O3/KI Heterogeneous Magnetic Catalyst for the Green Synthesis of Biodiesel

A magnetic catalyst (sample MCat) consisting of KI supported on a mixture of silica and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) was prepared and used in the transesterification reaction for the synthesis of biodiesel. The energy dispersive X-ray spectrum of the catalyst showed signals due to Si, Fe, K, and I. Powder X-ray diffraction data revealed the amorphous nature of the SiO2 and the duly impregnation of the support with KI. 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy and magnetization measurements confirmed the ferrimagnetic iron oxide in the catalyst to be maghemite. N2 adsorption-desorption data indicated that the silica is mesoporous with a specific area of 352 m2 g-1, enabling the impregnation of 40 and 11 wt.% of KI and maghemite, respectively, according to the chemical composition obtained by the X-ray fluorescence measurements. The MCat was found to be efficient in the transesterification reaction in the macauba and soybean oils. The MCat was easily removed from the reaction medium, with a hand magnet, and efficiently reused for more four consecutive reaction cycles. The good catalytic activity along with its magnetic behavior, high chemical stability and recyclability make the MCat a suitable material for the green synthesis of biodiesel.

Uma alternativa mecânica com emprego de forças magnéticas para a desimpactação dentária

AIM: the present work evaluated a new mechanical alternative to guide the eruption to the oclusal plan of a impacted bicuspid tooth using attractive cobalt-samarium magnets. METHODS: the treatment was accomplished in a 11 years old Class I young patient, with a impacted right inferior second premolar. The magnetic system consisted of magnets bonded to the vestibular surface of the impacted tooth and a rigid magnetic pole incrusted in a band and loop container. Previously to the installation of the magnetic system, the magnets were characterized through fluorescence analysis, X rays diffraction and magnetization level. The force/distance relationship used was quantified, the magnets were measured and the buccal magnetic geometry established. RESULTS: the time used in the desimpactation was of 40 days and were necessary two magnetic activations to approach the magnets in this interval. The magnetic option in this clinical case was quite effective so much in relation to the time of treatment as in regard to the comfort proportionated to the patient. The magnets generated a continuous and autonomous force field, not being necessary to use metallic threads as orientation guides in the eruption and nor elastic. CONCLUSION: this therapeutic possibility will frequently be useful in such deeper desimpactation as the canine teeth ectopics, seen in the daily activity.

Grey Oxisol from the Jequitinhonha Valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil: a conceptual challenge to the soil classification system?

Abstract The upper Jequitinhonha Valley is located within the Serra do Espinhaço Meridional mountain range in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The topography is flat or gently undulating with large flat areas known as chapadas (‘high plains’) that are dissected by rivers forming swamps known locally as veredas (‘paths’). The present study is concerned mainly with a representative toposequence in the watershed of the Lagoa do Leandro vereda, a swamp near the city of Minas Novas on a chapada of the highlands of the Alto (Upper) Jequitinhonha region. The soils of this sequence were studied by a variety of physical and chemical techniques, including Mössbauer, electron spin resonance (ESR) and photoacoustic (PAS) spectroscopies, as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and carbon isotope data. Mössbauer spectra of the silt fraction of a grey Xanthic Haplustox (Munsell 10YR 3/2) from the Lagoa do Leandro vereda, referred to here as a ‘Grey Haplustox’ (‘LAC’), proved the existence of Fe2+ - and Fe3+ -bearing components. Photoacoustic spectroscopy confirmed the presence of Fe2+, as shown by Mössbauer spectroscopy, probably in an octahedrally coordinated site, but the principal optical absorption bands are due to different Fe3+ sites. A ferrimagnetic contribution and three other paramagnetic lines attributed to Fe3+ and Ti3+ were demonstrated by means of ESR. The ESR and PAS results are thus in agreement with the chemical composition and Mössbauer spectroscopy, allowing a detailed characterization of the mineralogy of this silt. Carbon isotope data indicate the climate to have varied during the past: a wetter climate in the Pleistocene, with drier phases in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, and again a more humid climate 1200 years ago. δ13C data indicate the C3 scrubland vegetation to have occupied the bottom of the vereda in the past (Bispo & Silva, 2014). Greyish Oxisols that consist chiefly of phyllosilicate minerals of the kaolinite group (which are usually associated with binary oxides and hydroxides) are of common occurrence in tropical soils resulting from leaching and precipitation. Such Oxisols of greyish appearance and similar mineralogy have been described elsewhere from Brazil and, for example, from India. Such soils are therefore proposed here as a new hierarchical level of the Soil Classification System.