J. D. Gascoigne

Industrial computer networks and the role of MAP, Part 1

Abstract The first of two review papers introduces the ISO/OSI reference model and explains how and why the manufacturing automation protocol (MAP) was derived from it. The seven layers of the ISO/OSI model are described, and entities, primitives and peer processes are defined. Some commonly used implementations of the model are discussed. The paper then goes on to discuss the MAP initiative in relation to ISO/OSI.

Configuration methods and tools for manufacturing systems integration

Abstract The discussion is based on the work of the Systems Integration (SI) group at Loughborough University which has identified features of a framework or infrastructure for systems integration. The provision of such a framework can form a basis for the specification of integration projects and sub-components in order to permit the interchange, reconfiguration, expansion and transferability of the whole or part solutions so generated. The overall aim is to enable a logical mapping of integration tools, implementations and solutions to physical resources at all phases from manufacturing system inception to operation.

The Need for a Generic Framework for Systems Integration

This paper outlines the need for a widely accepted generic framework for systems integration within manufacturing enterprises. The provisions of this framework would form a basis for the specification of integration projects and sub-components such as software packages in order to permit the interchange, reconfiguration, expansion and transferability of the whole or part solutions so generated. The overall aim is to allow a logical mapping of integration tools, implementations and solutions to physical resources at all phases from manufacturing system inception to operation so enabling rapid and cost-effective response to changes in products, markets, enabling technologies and manufacturing methodologies.

Robot protocols and interfacing to LANs

The paper outlines the features of an ‘intelligent’ interface based on local area network (LAN) protocols, which was designed to enable a variety of computer controlled manufacturing machines to be linked together and integrated with supervisory computers performing control, data-base and production management functions. The use of this interface provides the basis of a general solution to the problems of flexibility and efficient utilization within manufacturing environments. To illustrate the use of the interface, the paper presents some examples of the utilization of shared resources on a computer network to improve the processing facilities available at robot controllers. Also included is a brief discussion of the nature of communication with computer controlled manufacturing machines.

Distributed manufacturing systems

SUMMARY In the context of computer-integrated manufacture (CIM), the paper describes the need for flexible “intelligent” machinery and the need for integrated and distributed software. Methodologies in obtaining appropriate solutions are discussed and related to two major SERC sponsored research programmes at Loughborough University, which concern (i) the design of a family of mechanical and control system modules to allow robots to be configured with user defined kinematic and dynamic properties, and (ii) the design of distributed hardware and software structures, based on internationally accepted communication protocols, to allow FASs to be produced. In batch manufacture todays increased demand for product variety, requiring reduced lead times and work in progress, the need arises for computer-integrated manufacture (CIM). Similarly, in many conventional continuous flow manufacturing processes dramatic improvements in plant efficiency can be achieved by linking shop floor computer systems with computers performing management and design functions. Considerable research and development work has centred on flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) 3−1 which conventionally relate to metal cutting environments. Similarly the labour intensive nature of assembly operations has led to considerable interest in the design of flexible assembly systems. 3.4 The principles embodied in FMS and FAS are translatable, being applicable to most manufacturing environments. To achieve flexible integrated manufacturing two major requirements can be identified, viz. (i) the need for flexible “intelligent” machinery, and (ii) the need for integrated but distributed software systems. This paper will consider future trends in (i) and (ii).

Software Structures for Computer-Integrated Manufacture

The availability and sophistication of today’s computerized shop floor equipment promotes the concept of computer-integrated manufacture (CIM) providing a production facility that allows a variety of products to be manufactured combined with an inherent ability to reconfigure rapidly when new products are introduced.5,6