J. Dowdell

The H1 lead/scintillating-fibre calorimeter

Abstract The backward region of the H1 detector has been upgraded in order to provide improved measurement of the scattered electron in deep inelastic scattering events. The centerpiece of the upgrade is a high-resolution lead/scintillating-fibre calorimeter. The main design goals of the calorimeter are: good coverage of the region close to the beam pipe, high angular resolution and energy resolution of better than 2% for 30 GeV electrons. The calorimeter should be capable of providing coarse hadronic energy measurement and precise time information to suppress out-of-time background events at the first trigger level. It must be compact due to space restrictions. These requirements were fulfilled by constructing two separate calorimeter sections. The inner electromagnetic section is made of 0.5 mm scintillating plastic fibres embedded in a lead matrix. Its lead-to-fibre ratio is 2.3:1 by volume. The outer hadronic section consists of 1.0 mm diameter fibres with a lead-to-fibre ratio of 3.4:1. The mechanical construction of the new calorimeter and its assembly in the H1 detector are described.

Performance of an electromagnetic lead/scintillating-fibre calorimeter for the H1 detector

Abstract The properties of final modules of a high resolution lead/scintillating-fibre calorimeter to upgrade the backward region of the H1 detector were studied with electrons in the energy range from 2–60 GeV. The electromagnetic calorimeter consists of scintillating fibres with a diameter of 0.5 mm embedded in a lead matrix. This small fibre radius, in combination with a lead-to-fibre ratio of 2.27:1, ensures excellent energy resolution which has been measured to be δ/E=7.1%/ E/GeV ⊕ 1.0% . The spatial resolution as a function of energy for impact points at the center of a cell is given by 4.4 mm/ E/GeV + 1.0 mm . The time resolution was found to be better than 0.4 ns.

Hadronic response and e / pi separation with the H1 lead / fiber calorimeter

Hadronic response and electron identification performance of the new H1 lead-scintillating fibre calorimeter are investigated in the 1 to 7 GeV energy range using data taken at the CERN Proton Synchrotron. The energy response to minimum ionizing particles and interacting pions are studied and compared to Monte Carlo simulations. The measured energy of pions interacting either in the electromagnetic or in the hadronic section is found to scale linearly with the incident energy, providing an energy resolution σE ∼ 38% within a depth of one interaction length and σE ∼ 29% for a total depth of two interaction lengths. Several electron identification estimators are studied and combined as a function of energy and impact point. The probability for pions to be misidentified as electrons of any measured energy above 1 GeV ranges from 5% (for 2 GeV incident pions) to 0.4% (at 7 GeV) for an electron detection efficiency of 90%. The probability for pions of a given energy to be misidentified as electrons of the same energy falls to 0.25% at 7 GeV.

A pipelined first-level trigger for the H1 forward-muon spectrometer

Abstract We have built a fast, pipelined first-level trigger processor for the H1 experiment at HERA. The trigger finds tracks in the forward-muon spectrometer which point back to the interaction vertex. The inputs to the trigger come from drift chambers with a 6 cm drift space corresponding to a maximum drift time of 1.2 μs. These chambers consist of two layers of drift cells whose staggered configuration makes it possible to extract the time at which a particle traversed the chambers to better than one HERA bunch-crossing period, 96 ns. The trigger hardware exploits this characteristic in a real-time operation, and is able to find pointing tracks and associate them to production in a specific electron-proton crossing. The trigger processor must be deadtime free. It operates in a pipelined mode with 48 ns steps and has a latency of about 22 HERA bunch-crossing periods. The compact design is based on two semi-custom integrated circuits. Both are field-programmable 32 × 32 coincidence matrices, one having serial loading of its inputs and the other using parallel loading. The system was installed in the H1 experiment early in 1993 and has run successfully since then.

Fast pipelined trigger processors for the forward muon chambers of the H1 experiment on the Hadron Electron Ring Accelerator (HERA) at DESY, Hamburg

The road finder and final decision processors described perform the triggering function of the H1 forward muon chambers. Their function is to examine each event and determine the bunch collision of origin of the observed data. They must then notify the H1 trigger system if an event satisfies trigger conditions. Two custom application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) were designed in 1.5- mu m CMOS to implement the trigger algorithm. They feature fast pipelines and scan paths. It is believed that these ASICs can be used as fundamental building blocks in future particle physics experiments.<<ETX>>

The H1 SPACAL time-to-digital converter system

This paper describes a pipelined 1400-channel Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) system for the H1 Scintillating Fibre Calorimeter, which will soon be installed in the H1 experiment at DESY. The main task of the TDC system is to determine the time of arrival of energy depositions, and send this information from bunch crossings that satisfy the event trigger into the H1 data acquisition system. In addition, the TDC system must monitor the timing trigger, which vetoes bunch crossings that contain too much background energy. Products of the interaction are separated from background on the basis of their different times of arrival with respect to the bunch crossing clock. For this monitoring the TDC system uses automatic on-board histogramming hardware that produces a family of histograms for each of 1400 channels. The TDC function is performed by the TMC1004 ASIC. The system digitises over a range of 32 ns per bunch crossing with 1ns bins and a precision of 1ns. Because of the way the TMC1004 is designed, it is possible to vary the size of the bins between 0.6 ns and 3 ns by trading off measurement range for bin size. The system occupies two 9U VME crates.<<ETX>>