J.G. Jenkin

Is there a universal mean-free-path curve for electron inelastic scattering in solids?

Abstract On the basis of a recent modification to dielectric theory, it is shown that the mean free path for inelastic electron scattering in a wide range of materials is described by a formula giving a dependence on electron energy of the form AE 0.75 where A is, however, sample-dependent.

An Analysis of the Transmission Properties of Spherical Electrostatic Electron Spectrometers

A detailed analysis of the transmission properties of low‐energy spherical electrostatic electron spectrometers employing preacceleration or preretardation is presented, which shows that the transmission efficiency of such instruments is not necessarily related inversely to electron energy nor directly to analyzer pass energy. A prescription, which enables observed spectra to be corrected over a wide energy range for intensity variations resulting from instrumental effects, is provided, and a detectable shift (≤ 0.1 eV) in the apparent position of electron lines under certain conditions is predicted. The theory is applied to the design and performance of two spherical photoelectron spectrometers employing ultraviolet and soft x‐ray sources. The analysis may readily be extended to other forms of electrostatic spectrometers employing preacceleration or preretardation.

Electronegativity as a unifying concept in the determination of Fermi energies and photoelectric thresholds

Abstract The method proposed by Nethercot for the determination of the Fermi energies and photoelectric thresholds of simple binary compounds has been successfully applied to some AB 2 compounds and metals.

The electronic structure of the valence bands of solid NH3 and H2O studied by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract The results of a photoelectron study using ultraviolet 40.81 eV photons (UPS) of the outermost bands of the molecular solids NH 3 and H 2 O are reported. The binding energies, the energy separation, the band widths and the branching ratio of the two outermost bands of solid NH 3 are found not to be significantly different from the 3a l and 1e molecular orbital states of the gaseous NH 3 UPS spectrum. This implies that hydrogen bonding has not produced any significant change in the electronic structure of the valence bands of solid NH 3 . Because of a much smaller intermolecular hydrogen bond length in solid H 2 O compared to that in solid NH 3 , the hydrogen bond does, however, produce a significant change in the valence bands of H 2 O on solidification, and because of the orbital geometry it predominantly affects the 3a l molecular orbital state.

Electron mean free paths in ge in the range 70–1400 eV

Abstract Accurate values of the electron inelastic scattering mean free path, λ( E ), in amorphous germanium have been measured in the electron energy range 70–1400 eV and are compared with other experimental values for Si, GeO 2 , and SiO 2 . The data are also compared with predictions from a variety of theoretical models.

The development of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: 1900–1960

Abstract A review of the historical development of the technique of X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy is presented, from the discovery of the photoelectric effect by Hertz in 1887 to the early stages of the present day revitalization of the technique by K. Siegbahn and his associates, that is, up to 1960. It is shown that the technique has undergone an almost continuous process of development and utilization, with a small number of able and dedicated workers providing major contributions and stimuli at various times throughout this long period.

A high intensity U.V. source for photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract A source for the production of high intensity resonance radiation from inert gases has been developed in a form suitable for use with ultrahigh vacuum

A 304 Å photoelectron spectrometer for band structure studies

Abstract A high resolution electrostatic spectrometer and associated Helium resonance radiation lamp has been constructed which is particularly suitable for the determination of the energy-angular distribution of photoelectrons from solid surfaces. The relative intensity of 304/581 A radiation from the lamp has been estimated by an indirect method to be 25 per cent under optimum conditions. The transmission efficiency of the system when operating in the constant energy mode of analysis has been determined and the operation of the spectrometer illustrated with reference to a study of photoemission from the conduction band of gold.

A method for the determination of the transmission function of electron spectrometers

A method is described for the determination of the transmission function of an ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometer of spherical design. Such a function may be determined by this method for any given electron.

Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy of the valence bands of solid NH3, H2O, CO2, SO2 and N2O4

A photoelectron study is presented for the outermost bands of the molecular solid phase of: NH3, H2O, CO2, SO2 and N2O4. Both gaseous and solid phase spectra were acquired with 40.81 eV ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) techniques (except for gaseous N2O4). For the solids, charging effects were measured systematically and appropriate corrections made. Some valence band shifts were observed, as well as significant changes in valence band widths, between the gas and solid phase spectra, but the shifts were in general much less than those measured by previous workers. These results are interpreted in terms of molecular solid bonding and relaxation effects.