J. L. Morant

A formal approach for generating oo specifications from natural language

Abstract The requirements analysis process is essential to software development. The success or failure of a software system can be said to largely depend on the quality of this activity. A formal and disciplined process is therefore necessary for requirements analysis. In this paper, we present an approach that is based on the formal definition of relations between linguistic and OO conceptual structures as a basis for a formal and disciplined problem analysis process. This process is based on two components, conceptual model formalization and OO model construction. The first provides formal rules to identify the key components of conceptual models, and the second, provides a set of definite steps to guide the analyst in model construction. We also present some conclusions concerning the application of our approach versus the standard OMT approach by a group of students at our university.

Elevated PM10 And PM2.5 ConcentrationsIn Europe: A Model Experiment WithMM5-CMAQ And WRF-CHEM

We have applied the MM5-CMAQ model to simulate the high concentrations in PM10 and PM2.5 during a winter episode (2003) in Central Europe. The selected period is January 15 – April 6 2003. Values of daily mean concentrations up to 75 μgm are found on average of several monitoring stations in Northern Germany. This model evaluation shows that there is an increasing underestimation of primary and secondary species with increasing observed PM10. The high PM levels were observed under stagnant weather conditions that are difficult to simulate. The MM5 is the PSU/NCAR non-hydrostatic meteorological model and CMAQ is the chemical dispersion model developed by EPA (US) used in this simulation with CBM-V. The TNO emission inventory was used to simulate the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations with the MM5-CMAQ model. The results show a substantial underestimation of the elevated values in February and March 2003. An increase on the PM2.5 emissions (five times) produces the expected results and the correlation coefficient increases slightly. The WRF/CHEM model results show an excellent performance with correct emission database. The main difference between MM5-CMAQ simulations and WRF/CHEM is the MOSAIC particle models and the “classical” MADE/SORGAM particle model used in WRF/CHEM and CMAQ respectively. MOSAIC seems to make a better job than MADE particle model for this particular episode.

Implementation of energy fluxes in EULAG with a new 3D shadow model

Micro urban simulations require high detail information. In order to take into account the building morphology, we have used a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model named EULAG (UCAR) driven by the Weather and Research Forecasting System (WRF) through boundary conditions. A new three-dimensional urban solar radiation model (SHAMO) has been developed by the authors. We present results of the simulation obtained by using a modified version of the EULAG model which includes an energy balance equation to obtain the urban atmosphere/canopy energy exchange with the new 3D shadow model. The radiation model is coupled with the heat transfer equations from urban canopy model (UCM). The data produced by the urban solar radiation model has been used in large scale numerical experiments to simulate turbulent fluxes for urban areas; in this contribution over Madrid (Spain) city. Results of the micro scale simulations and sensitivity analysis will be presented in this paper.

Advanced results of the PM10 and PM2.5 winter 2003 episode by using MM5-CMAQ and WRF/CHEM models

During the winter of 2003 there was an special particulate episode over Germany The application of the MM5-CMAQ model (PSU/ NCAR/EPA, US) to simulate the high concentrations in PM10 and PM2.5 during a winter episode (2003) in Central Europe has been performed The selected period is January 15 – April 6, 2003 Values of daily mean concentrations up to 75 μgm−3 are found on average of several monitoring stations in Northern Germany Additionally WRF/CHEM (NOAA, USA) model has been applied In this contribution we have performed additional simulations to improve the results obtained in our contribution San Jose et al (2008) [5] We have run again both models but with changes in emission inventory and turbulence scheme for MM5-CMAQ In the case of WRF/CHEM much more changes have been performed: Lin et al (1983) microphysics scheme has been substituted by WSM 5-class single moment microphysics scheme (Hong et al 2004); Goddard radiation scheme has been substituted by Dudhia radiation scheme and FTUV photolysis model has been substituted by J-FAST photolysis model The results improve substantially the PM10 and PM2.5 patterns in both models The correlation coefficient for PM10 for 80 days simulation period and for daily averages has been increased up to 0.851 and in the case of PM2.5, it has been increased up to 0.674.

CFD and Mesoscale Air Quality Modelling Integration: Web Application for Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain)

The integration of sophisticated mesoscale air quality modelling systems, such as MM5-CMAQ and new generation of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling tools has been developed in this contribution. We have used an advanced and adapted version of the MIMO model (U. Karlsruhe, Germany) which is a sophisticated CFD model, to simulate the air concentrations at urban level with 10 m spatial resolution over the city of Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain). The CFD code receives the traffic emission data every second produced by a cellular automata model (CAMO). The integrated CFD model is called MICROSYS. This model is an Eulerian 3D tool which is running in diagnostic mode once every minute. The boundary conditions are obtained from the well-known MM5-CMAQ running over the city in prognostic mode. The MM5-CMAQ (OPANA V4) model is run with 1 km spatial resolution covering a domain of 16 × 16 km over the city. This system is operating in forecasting mode since 2004 and is operated over the Internet. The forecasting information for meteorology and air quality concentrations for the following 72 hours is used by MICROSYS to simulate the expected air concentrations at street level for the next three days. The system operates under daily basis and produces the detailed forecasting information at 6:00 GMT everyday. The Internet service includes a sophisticated VRML (Virtual Reality Modelling Language) tool to visualize in a 3D mode the air concentrations at street level by an Internet client. The VRML tool runs on the client server. We present also some comparative results related to the use of shared 64 bits memory machines and single 32 bits one-processor machines for CFD runs.

Remote sensing data assimilation in WRF-UCM mesoscale model: Madrid case study

Data assimilation is a powerful numerical technique that is used to substantially improve numerical meteorological simulations. In this contribution we have used the WRF mesoscale meteorological model (NCAR, US) to show the importance of using remote sensing data (satellite and tower data), the sensitivity of the results and the improvement when compared with observational surface data (wind and temperature). We have used CLC100 m instead of GTOPO 30’’, 10 m spatial resolution GIS data of Madrid (Spain) city to produce urban land use types according to the Urban Canopy Model (UCM) (NCAR) approach: airborne temperature (4 m spatial resolution), albedo, anthropogenic heat flux, shadowing in UCM and tower data (wind and temperature). The results show a high sensitivity to all of these parameters. For historical simulations - where in-situ meteorological data is available - data assimilation is a crucial tool to improve the results. The sensitivity of the results to the different high resolution input data is also crucial for the results of the simulation. The correlation coefficient for temperature is improved up to 0.960.

Advances on Real-Time Air Quality Forecasting Systems for Industrial Plants and Urban Areas by Using the MM5-CMAQ-EMIMO

The system MM5-CMAQ-EMIMO-MICROSYS produces reliable air quality forecasts for urban areas with street level detail over the Internet. In this contribution we will show the special example applied to Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain). Additionally, the MM5-CMAQ-EMIMO has been used to know the air quality impact of several industrial plants such as combined cycle power and cement plants. Additional runs are performed in parallel without the emissions of the different chimneys forming the industrial complex (up to 5 scenarios in our experiences for electric companies and cement industrial plants). The differences ON1-OFF and so on, show the impact in time and space of the different industrial sources. The system uses sophisticated cluster technology to take advantage of distributed and shared memory machines in order to perform the parallel runs in an efficient and optimal way since the process should operate under daily basis. We will show the methodology and results of these applications also in two industrial complex in the surrounding area of Madrid City.

Improved Modelling Experiment For ElevatedPM10 And PM2.5 Concentrations In Europe WithMM5-CMAQ And WRF/CHEM

The application of the MM5-CMAQ model (PSU/NCAR/EPA, US) to simulate the high concentrations in PM10 and PM2.5 during a winter episode (2003) in Central Europe has been performed. The selected period is January, 15 – April, 6, 2003. Values of daily mean concentrations of up to 75 μgm are found on average from several monitoring stations in Northern Germany. Additionally, the WRF/CHEM (NOAA, US) model has been applied. In this contribution we have performed additional simulations to improve the results obtained in our contribution (San Jose et al. (2008)). We have run again both models but with changes in emission inventory and turbulence scheme for MM5-CMAQ. In the case of WRF/CHEM many more changes have been performed: Lin et al. (1983) microphysics scheme has been substituted by WSM 5-class single moment microphysics scheme (Hong et al. 2004); Goddard radiation scheme has been substituted by Dudhia radiation scheme and FTUV photolysis model has been substituted by J-FAST photolysis model. The results improve substantially the PM10 and PM2.5 patterns in both models. The correlation coefficient for PM10 for 80 days simulation period and for daily averages has been increased up to 0.851 and in the case of PM2.5, it has been increased up to 0.674.

The Use of MM5-CMAQ-EMIMO Modelling System (OPANA V4) for Air Quality Impact Assessment: Applications for Combined Cycle Power Plants and Refineries (Spain)

Since 2000 the EPA Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality Modelling System (CMAQ) has become in one of the state-of-the-art air quality tools to perform a full analysis of the air concentrations in a determined domain in space and time. The CMAQ modelling tool incorporates several chemical mechanisms, several numerical solvers, several boundary layer parameterizations, etc. and the user has to select the best option according to their experience and knowledge to perform any air quality simulations in historical and/or forecasting mode. The MM5 meteorological mesoscale model and/or the new generation of mesoscale meteorological models based on WRF model can be used as input for CMAQ. Additionally, our laboratory has developed along the last ten years a sophisticated emission model which provides with the corresponding spatial and temporal resolution, the emission data required by CMAQ to perform the full simulations. This system — MM5-CMAQ-EMIMO (OPANA V4) – can be used to forecast air concentrations in space and time or to simulate different periods of time in the past. In order to perform an air quality impact assessment of an industrial plant such as a combined cycle power plant or a refinery, we should run our air quality modelling system for a period of time in the past according to the EU Air Quality Directives (and also US EPA Regulations for non-EU applications). The EU Directives related to the limits in air concentrations are concerned with a number of exceedances of a specific concentration along one year. There are limits for 8-hour, days and year. In this contribution we show the methodology to be used to fulfil the EU Directives for different applications – combined cycle power plants and refineries — in Spain and some results. The use of the system for one-year period to adapt the results to the actual legislation is presented.

Real Time Air Quality Forecasting Systems ForIndustrial Plants And Urban Areas By Using TheMM5-CMAQ-EMIMO

During the last five years, we have been working intensively with the new generation of air quality modeling systems such as MM5-CMAQ (PSU/NCAR/EPA, US) and using our own emission model, EMIMO (UPM, 2006), the first version of which was developed several years ago and is in the process of continuous adaptation. Recently we have incorporated an adapted version of the CFD model MIMO (University of Karlsruhe, 2000) which includes a sophisticated cellular traffic model, CAMO (UPM, 2006), to model street level pollution with the numerical Eulerian models approach with a few meters of spatial resolution. The integrated system formed by an adapted version of MIMO and CAMO is called MICROSYS. The mesoscale air quality model MM5-CMAQ-EMIMO produces air concentrations in real-time and forecasting mode for urban and regional areas with 1 km spatial resolution. The MICROSYS model is implemented to simulate the air concentrations in one 1 km grid cell with 5–10 m spatial resolution and up to 200–300 m in height (over the maximum building heights in the 1 km grid cell). The MICROSYS model is run in diagnostic mode and uses the boundary and initial conditions from MM5-CMAQ-EMIMO. The system MM5-CMAQ-EMIMO-MICROSYS produces reliable air quality forecasts for urban areas with street level detail over the Internet. In this contribution we will show the special example applied to Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain). Additionally, the MM5-CMAQ-EMIMO has been used to find the air quality impact of several industrial plants such as combined cycle power and cement plants. The system uses sophisticated cluster technology to take advantage of distributed and shared memory machines in order to perform the parallel runs in an efficient and optimal way since the process should operate on a daily basis. We will also show the methodology and results of these applications in two industrial complexes in the surrounding area of Madrid City. www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3541 (on-line)