J. Markiewicz

A New Approach to the Generation of Orthoimages of Cultural Heritage Objects—Integrating TLS and Image Data

This paper discusses the issue of automation of orthoimage generation based on Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) data and digital images. The following two problems are discussed: automatic generation of projection planes based on TLS data, and automatic orientation of digital images in relation to TLS data. The majority of popular software applications use manual definitions of projection planes. However, the authors propose an original software tool to address the first issue, which defines important planes based on a TLS point cloud utilizing different algorithms (RANdom SAmple Consensus–RANSAC, Hough transform, “region growing”). To address the second task, the authors present a series of algorithms for automated digital image orientation in relation to a point cloud. This is important in cases where scans and images are acquired from different places and at different times. The algorithms utilize Scale Invariant Feature Transform(SIFT) operators in order to find points that correspond in reflectance intensity between coloure images (Red Green Blue—RGB) and orthoimages, based on TLS data. The paper also presents a verification method using SIFT and Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF) operators. The research results in an original tool and applied Computer Vision(CV) algorithms that improve the process of orthoimage generation.

The analysis of selected orientation methods of architectural objects’ scans

The terrestrial laser scanning is commonly used in different areas, inter alia in modelling architectural objects. One of the most important part of TLS data processing is scans registration. It significantly affects the accuracy of generation of high resolution photogrammetric documentation. This process is time consuming, especially in case of a large number of scans. It is mostly based on an automatic detection and a semi-automatic measurement of control points placed on the object. In case of the complicated historical buildings, sometimes it is forbidden to place survey targets on an object or it may be difficult to distribute survey targets in the optimal way. Such problems encourage the search for the new methods of scan registration which enable to eliminate the step of placing survey targets on the object. In this paper the results of target-based registration method are presented The survey targets placed on the walls of historical chambers of the Museum of King Jan IIIs Palace at Wilanów and on the walls of ruins of the Bishops Castle in Iłża were used for scan orientation. Several variants of orientation were performed, taking into account different placement and different number of survey marks. Afterwards, during next research works, raster images were generated from scans and the SIFT and SURF algorithms for image processing were used to automatically search for corresponding natural points. The case of utilisation of automatically identified points for TLS data orientation was analysed. The results of both methods for TLS data registration were summarized and presented in numerical and graphical forms.

Quality assessment of the TLS data in conservation of monuments

Laser scanning has been recently confirming its high potential in the field of acquiring 3D data for architectural and engineering objects. The objective of this paper is to analyse the quality of the TLS data acquired for different surfaces of monumental objects, with consideration of distances and the scanning angles. Tests concerning the quality of the survey data and shapes of architectural objects, characterised by diversified curvature, structure and the uniformity of the surface, were performed. The obtained results proved that utilisation of terrestrial laser scanning techniques does not allow to achieve expected accuracy for some historical surfaces and it should be substituted by alternative, photogrammetric techniques. Therefore, the typology of constructions of historical objects is important not only for selection of the optimum technique of surveys, but also for its appropriate utilisation. The test objects were architectural details of the Main Hall of the Warsaw University of Technology. Scans were acquired using the 5006h scanner. Diversified geometry of scans was tested, and the relations between the distance and obtained accuracy were specified. In the case of numerous conservational works the precise surface reconstruction is often important, in order to specify damages. Therefore, the repeatability of obtained TLS results for selected surfaces was also tested. Different surfaces were analysed, which are composed of different materials having glittery elements and inhomogeneous structure. The obtained results and performed analyses revealed the high imperfections of the TLS technique applied for measuring surfaces of historical objects. The presented accuracy of measurements of projection of historical surfaces, obtained using the TLS technique may be applied by art conservators, museum professionals, archaeologists and other specialists, to perform wide analyses of historical heritage objects.

Utilisation of laser scanning technology and digital images for measurements of industrial objects - a case study

Abstract Projection of a complicated geometry of industrial objects is the complex issue, which requires properly planned and prepared measurements. Such objects must be accurately inventoried, but their complicated nature often makes the access and the visibility of their entire surface very difficult. Documentation of measurements is often prepared in the form of sketches, plans or maps, which are amended with photographic documentation. The objective of this paper is to test the possibilities to apply laser scanning and the network of digital images for inventory and monitoring of technical conditions of industrial objects. Processing of a precise documentation acquired basing on terrestrial laser scanning data or dense points clouds generated from digital images still causes many difficulties and problems. Although data processing algorithms have been intensively developed with respect to generation of high resolution orthoimages or precise vector drawings, the existing problems are still connected with limitations related to imperfections of both techniques of measurements.

Diversity of Photogrammetric Approaches for Multi-Purpose Applications

Abstract The presented paper shows the diversity of photogrommetric approaches by introducing a problem of camera interior orientation, data georeferencing. data integration and the issue of automatic object surface modelling. The authors discuss the abovementioned issues on the example of the work carried out at the Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology referring to solutions practiced in Computer Vision. This article is an example of introduction of photogrammetry as a discipline open to achievements of close fields of science, which is widely applied in practice

Non-invasive Investigation and Documentation in the Bieliński Palace in Otwock Wielki

The paper presents the ongoing project conducted by an interdisciplinary team at the Bielinski Palace in Otwock Wielki, near Warsaw (Poland). The main aim of the project is to document the architecture and architectural elements with the use of digital methods such as photogrammetry and 3D scanning, as well as investigating the construction phases of the palace, through the analysis of the digital data collected.

An Example of Multitemporal Photogrammetric Documentation and Spatial Analysis in Process Revitalisation and Urban Planning.

Urban space is undergoing permanent and dynamic transformations resulting from economic and social changes, technological development and migrations of people from rural areas to cities. It strongly affects the evolution of the landscape and city structures. Current photogrammetric techniques allow for the acquisition of data for large areas within a relatively short time, and thus, allow for fast updating and verification of existing data files. The authors of this paper have focused their research on the possibility to use multi-variant spatial analysis in the process of revitalisation of degraded areas in cities. The industrial district of Warsaw was selected for this study, where problems concerning the development of formally industrial areas located in the attractive part of the city (close to the city centre) are extremely visible. As a result of urban development, degraded areas are included within administrative boundaries of the city and have created urban

Development of Photogrammetric Documentation of the Borough at Biskupin Based on Archival Photographs - First Results

This paper presents the initial results of research work carried out as part of a project entitled “The design of development of the Lusatian culture settlement at Site 4 at Biskupin: pre-war research work” financed by the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage, within the National Heritage 2016 Programme, “Conservation of archaeological monuments”. The high quality of photographic documents results from the professional, technical and organizational facilities organized by the Biskupin Expedition during the period 1934-1939. A group of photographs acquired from various heights at that time were selected (an aeroplane, a barrage balloon, an observational balloon and terrestrial photographs); these were used for further processing. Using photographs, a true orthoimage, 3D vector models and a 3D visualization of photorealistic models were generated. This paper presents the methodology and stages of the technological process of generation of photogrammetric documentation based on archival data. The benefits and disadvantages of the conventional photogrammetric approach are discussed, and a modified approach involving the application of commonly-used computer vision algorithms is also presented.