J. P. Guilford

The nature of human intelligence.

There is a lot of books, user manual, or guidebook that related to The Nature Of Human Intelligence PDF, such as : classical mechanics upadhyaya bond more third papers in non verbal reasoning 9 10 years fiesta mk4 manual a visit of charity origami insects dover origami papercraft robert j lang author powerone bdsm big magic creative living beyond fear the weaver of tomorrow and dawn strider two stories calculus finney demana waits kennedy 3rd edition mathematical models in population biology and epidemiology texts in applied mathematics

Cognitive Styles: What Are They?

An attempt was made to determine whether the traits known as cognitive styles, which have been variously interpreted, could be brought under a single broad concept. An examination of the evidence showed that most of those traits could be related to the writers structure of intellect, in one way or another. It is not yet clear whether they should be recognized as intellectual abilities or intellectual controls, or both. A few seem more identifiable with traits of interest or of temperament. It was suggested that the structure-of-intellect model could serve as a frame of reference for future research in this area.

A factor-analytic study of creative-thinking abilities

Fifty-three tests designed to measure aspects of creative thinking were administered to 410 air cadets and student officers. The scores were intercorrelated and 16 factors were extracted. Orthogonal rotations resulted in 14 identifiable factors, a doublet, and a residual. Nine previously identified factors were:verbal comprehension, numerical facility, perceptual speed, visualization, general reasoning, word fluency, associational fluency, ideational fluency, and a factor combining Thurstonesclosure I andII. Five new factors were identified asoriginality, redefinition, adaptive flexibility, spontaneous flexibility, andsensitivity to problems.

Some changes in the structure-of-intellect model.

This paper serves to update the structure-of-intellect (SOI) model. In addition to a previously indicated separation of the figural element of the content facet of the SOI model into visual and auditory components, the memory element within the operations facet has been differentiated into memory recording and memory retention. Research supporting these changes is cited. Thus the revised SOI model now contains five content properties termed visual, auditory, symbolic, semantic, and behavioral; six operations entitled cognition, memory recording, memory retention, divergent production, convergent production, and evaluation; and the same six products as formerly, named units, classes, relations, systems, transformations, and implications.

Higher-Order Structure-of-Intellect Abilities.

Using data available from the published reports of factor analyses performed by the Aptitudes Research Project at the University of Southern California, investigations were made into the possibility of demonstrating higher-order factorial abilities latent in those data. Since the policy in those analyses had been to rotate axes orthogonally rather than obliquely, there was no direct information regarding intercorrelations among first-order or basic factors. By combining salient tests for each basic factor, and using their loadings on the obtained factors, correlations were estimated among representatives of those factors. Several methods were devised for factoranalyzing those intercorrelations, applying experimental controls that seemed to be needed, in view of the three-faceted nature of each basic ability. Evidence was found for a large number of second-order abilities and a smaller number of third-order factors, connected with many parts of the structure-of-intellect model, within the limits of available data. In general, the results provide excellent support for the model and for its oblique nature, and for relative discriminability of its categories. Implications for higher-order factorial procedures, for the testing of intelligence, for research, both bivariate and multivariate, and for general psychological theory are suggested.

The difficulty of a test and its factor composition

A factor analysis of the ten sub-tests of the Seashore test of pitch discrimination revealed that more than one ability is involved. One factor, which accounted for the greater share of the variances, had loadings that decreased systematically with increasing difficulty. A second factor had strongest loadings among the more difficult items, particularly those with frequency differences of 2 to 5 cycles per second. A third had strongest loadings at differences of 5 to 12 cycles per second. No explanation for the three factors is apparent, but the hypothesis is accepted that they represent distinct abilities. In tests so homogeneous as to content and form, where a single common factor might well have been expected, the appearance of additional common factors emphasizes the importance of considering the difficulty level of test items, both in the attempt to interpret new factors and in the practice of testing. The same kind of item may measure different abilities according as it is easy or difficult for the individuals to whom it is applied.

A Factor-Analytic Study of Flexibility in Thinking:

THIS is a condensed report of the eighth major study in a series designed to explore abilities considered to be important in the successful performance of high-level personnel.3 Earlier studies had dealt with somewhat broad areas designated as reasoning (5, 10), creative thinking (23), evaluation (14), and planning (1). One study cut across three of these areas (11). Another was limited to the investigation of fluency of thinking (8). The study being reported is aimed specifically at the limited subject of flexibility of thinking, with the general objective of inquiring intensively into its properties. One of the major objectives of the study was to relate the factors of flexibility of thinking to such traditional concepts as rigidity, perseveration, persistence, gestaltbindung, and functional fixedness. An incidental objective was to determine possible relationships of a modified Luchins Water Jar test (17) to factors of flexibility of thinking. The Luchins test has been widely utilized as a measure of rigidity without sufficient evidence that it measures a trait of this kind.

Will the Real Factor of Extraversion- Introversion Please Stand Up? A Reply to Eysenck

Eysenck insisted that his Extraversion (E) factor is a second-order variable, resting on two first-order factors: S (Sociability) and R (Rhathymia, or impulsiveness as opposed to seriousness and self-restraint). Evidence is presented in this reply for the independence of S and R, as shown when proper measurement scales are used. Evidence is also provided for the affiliation of R with Factor T (Thoughtfulness), which serves as the basis for a different secondorder factor that has a better claim to the label of Extraversion. Eysencks own factor-analytic results fail to support his claimed second-order factor.

The phi coefficient and chi square as indices of item validity

Two new methods of item analysis are described. One involves the computation of the φ coefficient (correlation of a fourfold point distribution) and the other involves chi square. The only data required are the proportions of passing individuals in the upper and lower criterion groups, for the determination of φ, and in addition,N, for the determination of chi square. Abacs are presented for graphic solution of the two indices of validity, and tests of significance are provided.

The determination of item difficulty when chance success is a factor

The evaluation of the level of difficulty of a test item is ordinarily derived from the proportion of a specified population passing or failing the item. With items that have a limited number of alternative responses there must be a correction in this proportion to make allowance for chance success. A table of corrected proportions is given for different numbers of alternatives varying from two to eight.