J. Quinn

Limits to Quantum Gravity Effects on Energy Dependence of the Speed of Light from Observations of TeV Flares in Active Galaxies

We have used data from the TeV γ-ray flare associated with the active galaxy Markarian 421 observed on 15 May 1996 to place bounds on the possible energy-dependence of the speed of light in the context of an effective quantum gravitational energy scale. The possibility of an observable time dispersion in high energy radiation has recently received attention in the literature, with some suggestions that the relevant energy scale could be less than the Planck mass and perhaps as low as 10GeV. The limits derived here indicate this energy scale to be in excess of 4 × 10GeV at the 95% confidence level. To the best of our knowledge, this constitutes the first convincing limit on such phenomena in this energy regime. Submitted to Physical Review Letters

Gamma-Ray Variability of the BL Lacertae Object Markarian 421

We report on the γ-ray variability of Mrk 421 at Eγ > 300 GeV during the 1995 season, and concentrate on the results of an intense multiwavelength observing campaign in the period April 20 to May 5, which included >100 MeV γ-ray, X-ray, extreme-ultraviolet, optical, and radio observations, some of which show evidence for correlated behavior. Rapid variations in the TeV γ-ray light curve with doubling and decay times of 1 day require a compact emission region and significant Doppler boosting. The TeV data reveal that the γ-ray emission is best characterized by a succession of rapid flares with a relatively low baseline level of steady emission.

VERITAS deep observations of the dwarf spheroidal galaxy Segue 1

The VERITAS array of Cherenkov telescopes has carried out a deep observational program on the nearby dwarf spheroidal galaxy Segue 1. We report on the results of nearly 48 hours of good quality selected data, taken between January 2010 and May 2011. No significant γ-ray emission is detected at the nominal position of Segue 1, and upper limits on the integrated flux are derived. According to recent studies, Segue 1 is the most dark matter-dominated dwarf spheroidal galaxy currently known. We derive stringent bounds on various annihilating and decaying dark matter particle models. The upper limits on the velocity-weighted annihilation cross-section are ⟨σv⟩95% CL≲10−23 cm3 s−1, improving our limits from previous observations of dwarf spheroidal galaxies by at least a factor of 2 for dark matter particle masses mχ≳300 GeV. The lower limits on the decay lifetime are at the level of τ95% CL≳1024 s. Finally, we address the interpretation of the cosmic ray lepton anomalies measured by ATIC and PAMELA in terms of dark matter annihilation, and show that the VERITAS observations of Segue 1 disfavor such a scenario.

New Limits to the Infrared Background: Bounds on Radiative Neutrino Decay and on Contributions of Very Massive Objects to the Dark Matter Problem

From considering the effect of γ-γ interactions on recently observed TeV gamma-ray spectra, improved limits are set to the density of extragalactic infrared photons which are robust and essentially model independent. The resulting limits are more than an order of magnitude more restrictive than direct observations in the 0.025–0.3 eV regime. These limits are used to improve constraints on radiative neutrino decay in the mass range above 0.05 eV and to rule out very massive objects as providing the dark matter needed to explain galaxy rotation curves. Lower bounds on the maximum distance which TeV gamma rays may probe are also derived.

Outburst of TeV photons from Markarian 421

Markarian 421, an active galactic nucleus (AGN) of the BL Lacertae type, is the closest Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET)-detected AGN. It has been monitored by the Whipple Observatory very high energy gamma-ray telescope since its discovery at TeV energies, for approximately 90 nights, totaling 130 hours of observation. Observations from 1993 December 23 to 1994 May 10 showed an average sourve flux only half that of its 1992 discovery level. However, observations on 1994 May 14 and 15 show an increase in flux above this quiescent level by a factor of approximately 10. The timescale of this increase provides the best geometric constraint on the extent of TeV photon emission regions within AGNs. The observation of the high TeV flux occurred 1 day prior to the observation by ASCA of a very high 2-10 keV X-ray flux. This strong TeV outburst is reminiscent of the behavior seen for the stronger 100 MeV-GeV EGRET sources (e.g. 3C 279) but was not anticipated in view of the fact that the six EGRET observations of Mrk 421 from 1991 June to 1993 July showed no evidence for variability.

Upper Limits on TeV Gamma-Ray Emission from Active Galactic Nuclei

The results of a search for TeV gamma-ray emission from 35 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) using the Whipple Observatory High Resolution Atmospheric Cerenkov Camera are reported. Fifteen of these objects have been detected at GeV energies by the EGRET experiment on the {ital Compton} {ital Gamma} {ital Ray} {ital Observatory}. None of the 35 objects gave a signal at the 3 {sigma} level; Mrk 421 remains the only AGN detected at TeV energies. The absence of a TeV signal may imply a change in the primary source spectrum and/or the effect of absorption by pair production on intergalactic infrared photons. {copyright} {ital 1995 The American Astronomical Society.}

Multiwavelength Observations of LS I +61° 303 with Veritas, Swift, and RXTE

We present results from a long-term monitoring campaign on the TeV binary LSI +61{sup o} 303 with VERITAS at energies above 500 GeV, and in the 2-10 keV hard X-ray bands with RXTE and Swift, sampling nine 26.5 day orbital cycles between 2006 September and 2008 February. The binary was observed by VERITAS to be variable, with all integrated observations resulting in a detection at the 8.8{sigma} (2006/2007) and 7.3{sigma} (2007/2008) significance level for emission above 500 GeV. The source was detected during active periods with flux values ranging from 5% to 20% of the Crab Nebula, varying over the course of a single orbital cycle. Additionally, the observations conducted in the 2007-2008 observing season show marginal evidence (at the 3.6{sigma} significance level) for TeV emission outside the apastron passage of the compact object around the Be star. Contemporaneous hard X-ray observations with RXTE and Swift show large variability with flux values typically varying between 0.5 and 3.0 x 10{sup -11} erg cm{sup -2} s{sup -1} over a single orbital cycle. The contemporaneous X-ray and TeV data are examined and it is shown that the TeV sampling is not dense enough to detect a correlation between the two bands.

Search for Pulsed TeV Gamma-Ray Emission from the Crab Pulsar

We present the results of a search for pulsed TeV emission from the Crab pulsar using the Whipple Observatorys 10-m gamma-ray telescope. The direction of the Crab pulsar was observed for a total of 73.4 hr between 1994 November and 1997 March. During this period the Whipple 10 m telescope was operated at its lowest energy threshold to date. Spectral analysis techniques were applied to search for the presence of a gamma-ray signal from the Crab pulsar over the energy band 250 GeV to 4 TeV. We do not see any evidence of the 33 ms pulsations present in other energy bands from the Crab pulsar. The 99.9% confidence level upper limit for pulsed emission above 250 GeV is derived to be 4.8 × 10-12 cm-2 s-1 or less than 3% of the steady flux from the Crab Nebula. These results imply a sharp cutoff of the power-law spectrum seen by the EGRET instrument on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory. If the cutoff is exponential, it must begin at 60 GeV or lower to accommodate these upper limits.

Veritas observations of gamma-ray bursts detected by swift

We present the results of 16 Swift-triggered Gamma-ray burst (GRB) follow-up observations taken with the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) telescope array from 2007 January to 2009 June. The median energy threshold and response time of these observations were 260 GeV and 320 s, respectively. Observations had an average duration of 90 minutes. Each burst is analyzed independently in two modes: over the whole duration of the observations and again over a shorter timescale determined by the maximum VERITAS sensitivity to a burst with a t –1.5 time profile. This temporal model is characteristic of GRB afterglows with high-energy, long-lived emission that have been detected by the Large Area Telescope on board the Fermi satellite. No significant very high energy (VHE) gamma-ray emission was detected and upper limits above the VERITAS threshold energy are calculated. The VERITAS upper limits are corrected for gamma-ray extinction by the extragalactic background light and interpreted in the context of the keV emission detected by Swift. For some bursts the VHE emission must have less power than the keV emission, placing constraints on inverse Compton models of VHE emission.

Detection of multi-TeV emission from Markarian 421

Gamma rays with energies exceeding 5 ± 1.5 TeV have been detected from Markarian 421 using the Whipple Observatorys 10 m γ-ray telescope. These observations employ a new technique: the so-called large zenith-angle technique. Because they are taken at large zenith angles, the observations yield high statistics data on the multi-TeV part of the spectrum and are well suited for examining the question of a possible energy cutoff. Observations taken during high states on 1995 June 20, 21, and 28 show no evidence for a spectral break. These results conflict with a previous interpretation of the Markarian 421 energy spectrum in which a cutoff due to γ-ray absorption in extragalactic space was postulated.