J. W. Kim

Standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in flaxseed meal fed to growing and finishing pigs without or with phytase supplementation.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in flaxseed meal (FM) and the effect of dietary microbial phytase on the digestibility of P in FM fed to growing and finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, eighteen growing barrows (26.6 ± 1.8 kg BW) were allotted to 1 of 3 experimental diets consisting of a diet containing 32% FM that was fed with or without phytase at 500 phytase units (FTU/kg and a P-free diet in a completely randomized design to give 6 replicates per diet. The experimental period lasted 12 d including first 7 d for adaptation and 5 d for total collection of feces. Pigs were fed their assigned diets at 4% of BW at the beginning of the experiment. The daily feed allowance was offered in 2 equal portions at 0800 and 1600 h. All experimental diets were provided in mash form. Results indicated that pigs fed the diets containing FM with dietary phytase had less ( < 0.05) fecal P concentration and daily P output than those fed the diets without phytase supplementation. Also, phytase supplementation increased ( < 0.05) the ATTD of P of the diets containing FM from 37.3% to 51.8% and STTD of P of the diets containing FM from 43.2% to 57.7%. The basal endogenous P losses (EPL) was calculated at 140 ± 11 mg/kg of DMI in growing pigs fed the P-free diet. In Exp. 2, eighteen finishing pigs (78.7 ± 2.4 kg BW) were randomly allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments. The experimental diets and procedures were similar to those described in Exp. 1. Similar to Exp. 1, pigs fed FM diets with phytase supplementation had less ( < 0.05) P concentration in feces than those fed diets without phytase supplementation. Also, daily P output was reduced ( = 0.08) when pigs were fed the FM diets with phytase compared to those fed the FM diets without phytase. The ATTD of P in FM diets was increased ( < 0.01) from 31.4% to 45.8%, whereas the STTD of P in FM diets was increased ( < 0.01) from 37.8% to 52.3% as a result of phytase supplementation. The basal EPL was calculated at 164 ± 19 mg/kg of DMI in finishing pigs fed the P-free diet. In conclusion, the ATTD and STTD of P in FM fed to growing pigs were 37.3% and 43.2%, respectively, whereas respective values for finishing pigs were 31.4%, and 37.8%, respectively. Also, dietary phytase supplementation improved both ATTD and STTD of P in FM for both stages of pigs by an average of 33%.

Net energy of hemp hulls and processed hemp hull products fed to growing pigs and the comparison of net energy determined via indirect calorimetry and calculated from prediction equations.

An experiment was conducted to determine the NE of hemp hulls (HH), extruded HH (EHH), and a blended product of HH with pea (HHP) fed to growing pigs using indirect calorimetry (IC) and to determine effects of dietary fiber on heat production (HP) and fasting HP (FHP). Twenty-four growing barrows with an average initial BW of 22.9 ± 1.75 kg were individually housed in adjustable metabolism crates. Pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 6 replicates per treatment. A corn-soybean meal basal diet was prepared. Three additional diets were formulated to contain a constant ratio of corn and soybean meal and each of the test ingredients. Pigs were fed experimental diets for 16 d including 10 d for adaptation and 6 d for total collection of feces and urine to determine DE and ME of experimental diets. Pigs were then moved into IC chambers to determine HP and FHP. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM was greater ( < 0.01) in the HHP diet than in the HH and EHH diets but less ( < 0.01) than in the basal diet. Similarly, the ATTD of GE in the basal diet was greater ( < 0.01) compared with the HH, EHH, and HHP diets. The DE, ME, and NE of the basal diet were greater ( < 0.01) than those of the HH, EHH, and HHP diets. No significant differences were observed for the HP (on average, 1,904 kcal/kg DM) and FHP (on average, 1,320 kcal/kg DM) among treatments. However, the retained energy of pigs fed the basal diet (1,763 kcal/kg DM) was greater ( < 0.05) than for those fed the HH (1,501 kcal/kg DM) and HHP (1,482 kcal/kg DM) diets. The NE:ME ratio tended to be greater ( ≤ 0.10) for the basal diet (0.85) than for the HH (0.82), EHH (0.82), and HHP (0.83) diets. The NE of HH, EHH, and HHP determined by the IC method were 2,375, 2,320, and 2,399 kcal/kg DM, respectively, whereas values calculated using published prediction equations were 2,308, 2,161, and 2,278 kcal/kg DM, respectively. However there was no difference between determined and predicted values. In conclusion, the NE of HH, EHH, and HHP determined using the IC method were 2,375, 2,320, and 2,399 kcal/kg DM, respectively, and these values were 2.9, 7.1, and 5.2% greater, respectively, than the predicted values, although no difference was observed between determined and predicted values. However, the HP values observed for the basal diet and the diets containing high dietary fiber in the form of HH, EHH, or HHP were similar.

Digestible, metabolizable, and net energy of camelina cake fed to growing pigs and additivity of energy in mixed diets

This experiment was conducted to determine the DE, ME, and NE contents of camelina cake (CC) and to test the hypothesis that dietary glucosinolates originating from CC will affect the additivity of energy in mixed diets containing different inclusion levels of corn, soybean meal (SBM), and CC. A total of 30 growing barrows ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc) with a mean BW of 16.8 kg (SD 1.4) were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment. Pigs were fed experimental diets for 16 d, including 10 d for adaptation and 6 d for total collection of feces and urine. The 5 experimental diets consisted of 3 corn-based diets to determine the DE, ME, and NE of the 3 ingredients (corn, SBM, and CC) and 2 mixed diets to test the additivity of DE, ME, and NE. The corn diet contained 97.52% corn; the SBM diet contained 67.52% corn and 30.0% SBM; the CC diet contained 67.52% corn and 30.0% CC; the Mixed diet 1 contained 67.52% corn, 20.0% SBM, and 10.0% CC; and the Mixed diet 2 contained 67.25% corn, 10.0% SBM, and 20.0% CC. Vitamins and minerals were included in the diets to meet or exceed the requirements for growing pigs (). Pigs were fed their assigned diets at 550 kcal ME/kg BW per day on the basis of BW on d 1, 5, and 10, which was close to ad libitum intake. Pigs had free access to water. Determined DE, ME, and NE contents of corn were 3,348, 3,254, and 2,579 kcal/kg, respectively; those of SBM were 3,626, 3,405, and 2,129 kcal/kg, respectively; and those of CC were 3,755, 3,465, and 2,383 kcal/kg, respectively. No differences between the predicted and determined DE, ME, and NE were observed in the 2 mixed diets. In conclusion, DE, ME, and calculated NE content of CC fed to growing pigs were 3,755, 3,465, and 2,383 kcal/kg (as-fed basis), respectively. In addition, additivity of DE, ME, and calculated NE was observed in the mixed diets containing corn, SBM, and CC, which indicates that dietary glucosinolates originating from up to 30% of CC inclusion do not affect DE, ME, and calculated NE of diets.

Effects of diet complexity and multicarbohydrase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile, intestinal morphology, and fecal score in newly weaned pigs

To study the effects of diet complexity and multicarbohydrase (MC) supplementation, 144 piglets (6.70 ± 0.81 kg of BW) weaned at 21 ± 2 d of age (1:1 male to female ratio) were assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement based on diet complexity (complex1, complex2, and simple) and MC addition (0 vs. 0.1% of MC). Diets were provided in a 2-phase feeding program with phase I (d 1 to 14) and phase II diets (d 15 to 28). Complex1 was formulated to mimic a conventional weaner diet with blood plasma, fish meal, dried whey, and skim milk powder, whereas complex2 partially or totally replaced these ingredients with various plant-based ingredients. The simple diet primarily comprised corn, wheat, and soybean meal. No interactions were found between diet complexity and MC supplementation ( > 0.10), except for apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of ash and globulin concentration on d 28 ( < 0.05). Pigs fed the complex1 diet had greater ( < 0.01) ADG, ADFI, and G:F than those fed the other diets during the first week after weaning. However, no differences in ADG or ADFI were observed for pigs fed the complex1 and simple diets throughout the 28-d experimental period ( > 0.10), whereas the complex2 diet led to lower ADG and ADFI compared with the complex1 diet ( < 0.05). Overall, G:F was greater for pigs fed the simple diet compared with those fed the complex1 diet ( < 0.01). Pigs fed the simple diet showed ATTD of DM, OM, GE, and ash comparable to those fed the complex1 diet on d 14 ( > 0.10). In contrast, greater ATTD of DM, OM, NDF, GE, and ash was observed ( < 0.05) in pigs fed the complex1 diet than in those fed the complex2 diet or the simple diet on d 28. The simple diet increased the lymphocyte proportion in serum compared with the complex1 diet ( < 0.01) on d 14. Pigs fed the complex1 diet had a greater ( < 0.05) ratio of villus height (VH) to crypt depth (CD) in the ileum compared with the other diets. The complex2 diet decreased ( < 0.05) the fecal score during 3 wk of the postweaning period compared with the complex1 diet. Dietary MC supplementation increased ( < 0.05) G:F during the overall experimental period, VH in the ileum, VH:CD ratio in the duodenum, and ATTD of DM and GE but it reduced fecal score ( < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding a simple diet resulted in BW comparable to feeding the complex1 diet, but it led to inferior intestinal morphology and ATTD of nutrients on d 28. Also, MC supplementation could be beneficial regardless of diet complexity.

Relative bioavailability of phosphorus in high-protein sunflower meal for broiler chickens and effects of dietary phytase supplementation on bone traits, growth performance, and apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients

&NA; An experiment was conducted to determine the relative bioavailability (RBV) of P in high‐protein sunflower meal (HP‐SFM) fed to broiler chickens based on bone traits and to determine the effects of dietary phytase supplementation and increasing levels of HP‐SFM as a P source on bone traits, growth performance, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of DM and nutrients. In total, 240 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 1 of 10 experimental diets with 6 replicate cages of 4 birds each and fed experimental diets from day 14 to 21 of age. Diets included a corn‐soybean meal‐based basal diet (0.35% total P; P‐deficient diet), or the basal diet supplemented with 0.05, 0.10, or 0.15% P from either monosodium phosphate (MSP) or HP‐SFM. Another 3 diets were formulated by supplementing the HP‐SFM‐containing diets with 500 phytase unit/kg of phytase. The bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA), and bone mineral density (BMD) of femur and tibia and tibia ash content increased (linear, P < 0.01) with increasing dietary P content from MSP. A linear increase in femur and tibia BMC, femur BA, and tibia BMD was also observed (P < 0.01) with increasing level of dietary P from HP‐SFM. The RBV of P in HP‐SFM based on femur and tibia BMC were 41 and 44%, respectively. Dietary phytase supplementation increased (P < 0.01) most of bone traits of the birds except for femur BMD. In addition, birds fed the diets supplemented with dietary phytase had greater (P < 0.05) BW gain, feed efficiency, and AID of P than those fed the diets without dietary phytase. In conclusion, the estimated RBV of P in HP‐SFM to P in MSP were 41 and 44% based on femur and tibia BMC, respectively. Also, dietary phytase supplementation increased AID of P, growth performance, and bone traits of the birds fed P‐deficient diets containing increasing inclusion level of HP‐SFM as a P source.

Tail-end dehulling of canola meal improves apparent and standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus when fed to growing pigs

Tail-end dehulling of canola meal (CM) has been shown to reduce dietary fiber and increase crude protein content in the dehulled meal. The application of this procedure also increased the total and non-phytate P content in the dehulled meal. However, it is unclear if dehulling affects P digestibility in the different fractions (i.e., the dehulled meal and the coarse fraction) and if it differs when fed to growing pigs at two different BW. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to determine the apparent (ATTD) and standardized (STTD) total tract digestibility of P in dehulled CM fed to growing pigs. Diets containing non-dehulled regular canola meal (RCM), and two fractions produced using sieve size of 355 µm: a low-fiber high-protein fraction (dehulled canola meal [DCM]) and a high-fiber low-protein fraction (coarse canola meal [CCM]) as the only source of P were fed to growing pigs at two different BW. A total of 48 pigs were used for the two experiments. In experiment 1, 24 barrows [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] with initial BW of 24.5 ± 1.68 kg were individually housed in metabolism crates and fed the experimental diets for 10 d for total fecal collection. In experiment 2, 24 barrows with an average initial BW of 73.8 ± 4.93 kg were used; experimental diets and fecal collection procedures were the same as in experiment 1. Each experiment used six replicates per treatment. A P-free diet was used to determine basal endogenous losses of P (139.6 ± 10.7 and 150.89 ± 20.1 mg/kg of DMI for experiments 1 and 2, respectively). Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design. In experiment 1, the ATTD and STTD of P were greater (P < 0.05) for DCM (42.4% and 46.1%) than for the RCM (32.0% and 35.7%) and CCM (24.5% and 28.4%) diets. In experiment 2, the ATTD and STTD of P were greater (P < 0.05) for DCM (38.7% and 42.8%) than for the CCM diet (22.6% and 26.8%); whereas the values for RCM diet were intermediate (31.0% and 35.0%) and not different from the DCM and CCM. In conclusion, dehulling canola meal increased ATTD and STTD of P in growing pigs of different BW; however, there was no effect of BW.

Net energy content of canola meal fed to growing pigs and effect of experimental methodology on energy values

An experiment was conducted to determine the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and net energy (NE) contents of canola meal (CM) and to investigate the effects of basal diet [corn diet vs. corn-soybean meal (SBM) diet] and methodology (difference method vs. regression method) on energy values of CM. Thirty-six growing barrows (20.8 ± 1.0 kg initial body weight [BW]) were individually housed in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to one of six dietary treatments to give six replicates per treatment. The six experimental diets included a corn diet, a corn-SBM diet, a corn diet with 15 or 30% of CM, and a corn-SBM diet with 15 or 30% of CM. The DE, ME, and NE of CM were determined using the corn diet or the corn-SBM diet as a basal diet. In each basal diet, two additional diets containing 15 or 30% of CM were formulated to compare the determined energy values by the difference method and estimated energy values from the regression method. Feeding level was set at 550 kcal ME/kg BW0.6 per day. Pigs were fed experimental diets for 16 d including 10 d for adaptation and 6 d for total collection of feces and urine. Pigs were then moved into indirect calorimetry chambers to determine 24 h heat production (HP) and 12 h fasting HP. The DE, ME, and NE of CM determined by the difference method were within the 95% confidence intervals estimated for the DE, ME, and NE of CM by the regression method regardless of the basal diets used, which indicates that the difference and regression methods give equivalent DE, ME, and NE of CM. However, when the goodness of fit for the linear model was compared, the r2 of the regression analysis from the corn-SBM diet (0.78) was relatively greater than that from corn diet (0.40). The estimated NE of CM by the prediction equations generated by either the corn diet or corn-SBM diets were 2,096 kcal/kg and 1,960 kcal/kg (as-fed basis), respectively, whereas those values determined by the difference method were 2,233 kcal/kg and 2,106 kcal/kg (as-fed basis), respectively. In conclusion, the NE of CM determined in the current study was, on average, 2,099 kcal/kg (as-fed basis). The difference and regression methods do not give different NE value of CM fed to growing pigs. Although the NE values of CM determined using either the corn diet or the corn-SBM diet were not different, the greater r2 of the regression analysis from the corn-SBM diet than that from the corn diet suggests that the corn-SBM diet is a more appropriate basal diet for NE determination of ingredients.

Effects of extrusion and microbial phytase on the apparent and standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in hemp hulls fed to growing pigs

An experiment was carried out to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P and the effects of extrusion and microbial phytase on ATTD and STTD of P in hemp hulls (HH). Thirty-six pigs (30.3 ± 2.7 kg) were randomly allotted to 1 of 6 experimental diets in a complete randomized design with 6 replicates per diet. A corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based basal diet was formulated. Two additional diets were formulated by replacing 40% of corn and SBM (on a 100% of total diet basis) with HH or extruded HH (EHH). The test ingredients, corn, and SBM were the only sources of P in the diets. Three additional diets were also prepared by supplementing 500 unit/kg of microbial phytase to the initial 3 diets (the corn-SBM basal diet and diets containing test ingredients). Pigs were fed experimental diets at 3 times the maintenance energy requirement (197 kcal ME/kg BW0.60). Results indicated that fecal P concentration and daily P output were reduced (P < 0.05) from pigs fed diets with dietary phytase compared with pigs fed diets without dietary phytase. The ATTD and STTD of P in experimental diets were not different. However, the ATTD and STTD of P in experimental diets supplemented with dietary phytase were increased (P < 0.05) compared with the diets without phytase. The ATTD and STTD of P in HH were 18.8% and 22.0%, respectively, whereas respective values for EHH were 22.5% and 26.3%. Extrusion had no effects on ATTD and STTD of P in HH. However, the ATTD and STTD of P in HH and EHH increased (P < 0.05) when dietary phytase was added to the diets. The concentration of Ca in feces and daily Ca output were reduced (P < 0.05) as a result of phytase supplementation. Addition of dietary phytase increased (P < 0.05) the ATTD of Ca in all experimental diets. In conclusion, the ATTD and STTD of P in HH fed to growing pigs were 18.8% and 22.0%, respectively. Respective values for EHH were 22.5% and 26.3%. Extrusion did not affect the ATTD and STTD of P in HH. However, the addition of microbial phytase to experimental diets increased the ATTD and STTD of P in diets and test ingredients and decreased fecal P output from pigs fed experimental diets. There was no interaction between extrusion and dietary phytase supplementation.

Metabolizable energy and standardized ileal digestible amino acid contents of a high-protein sunflower meal fed to broiler chicks

Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible amino acid (AA) and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) contents of a high-protein sunflower meal (HiSFM) fed to broiler chicks. A total of 144 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments with eight replicate cages of six birds. Birds were fed the experimental diets from day 14 to day 21 of age. The results showed that gross energy, crude protein, nonphytate phosphorus, lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), threonine (Thr), and total nonstarch polysaccharide contents of HiSFM were 4178 kcal kg-1, 48.7%, 0.86%, 1.59%, 0.75%, 1.45%, and 14.6%, as-fed basis, respectively. The standardized ileal digestible Lys, Met, and Thr of HiSFM were 12.6, 6.8, and 11.6 g kg-1 (dry matter basis), respectively. In addition, the AMEn content of HiSFM fed to broiler chicks was 1785 kcal kg-1. In conclusion, compared with literature values for sunflower meal, HiSFM had lower standardized ileal digestibility of indispensable AA and higher AMEn content. The standardized ileal digestible AA and AMEn values of HiSFM obtained from the current study could be used when formulating poultry diets and to obtain predictable bird performance.