J. W. Pinheiro Júnior

Newcastle disease virus infection in sparrows (Passer domesticus, Linneaus, 1758) captured in poultry farms of the agreste region of the State of Pernambuco

Reservoir competence for the Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) was evaluated in sparrows (Passer domesticus, Linnaeus 1758) captured on a commercial poultry farm and a chicken hatchery in the State of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. A total number of 103 birds collected from a poultry farm (24/103) and a chicken hatchery (79/103) were examined. Hemagglutination inhibition tests, isolation, and viral characterization were performed in all samples collected from each bird. Titers ranging from 1:2 to 1:64 were detectable in 10.68% of sparrows, but positive serology and viral isolation were obtained only from sparrows captured at the hatchery. Hemagglutination activity was inhibited by anti-avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1) serum, and this sample showed an intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICOI) of 0.21, which is similar to the B1 stock vaccine (0.20) used for vaccination in those farms. Therefore, it was concluded that the sparrows were infected by stock vaccine virus, and that these birds could be a reservoir for NDV. However, additional studies involving sequencing of the virus genome of stock vaccine must be carried out.

Risk factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in captive Sapajus spp

The aim of this study was to identify risk factors associated with prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in captive capuchin monkeys at a facility in the northeastern Brazil. Serum samples from 116 bearded capuchin (Sapajus libidinosus), nine blonde capuchin (Sapajus flavius), five black‐capped capuchin (Sapajus apella), and four capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.) were tested for T. gondii antibodies using the modified agglutination test (MAT, cut‐off ≥25); antibodies were found in 85.3% (99/116) of S. libidinosus, 55.6% (5/9) of S. flavius, 80.0% (4/5) of S. apella, and 75.0% (3/4) of S. spp. The risk factors associated with T. gondii seropositivity were ingestion of raw meat [OR = 4.13 (1.26; 13.50)] and old age [OR = 4.90 (1.70; 14.13)]. Results indicate a very high T. gondii seropositivity in these primate populations. To minimize exposure to T. gondii raw meat should not be fed to these animals. Am. J. Primatol. 77:558–562, 2015.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with Leptospira spp. infection in technified swine farms in the state of Alagoas, Brazil: risk factors associated with Leptospira spp. in swine farms.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and to identify the risk factors associated with Leptospira spp. infection in technified pig farms in the state of Alagoas, Brazil. To compose sample for the prevalence study, 342 pigs were used (312 sows and 30 boars) proceeding from seven swine farms distributed in five districts of the state of Alagoas, Brazil. The infections serological diagnosis was performed by microscopic agglutination test. The risk factors analysis was performed using research questionnaires consisting of objective questions related to the breeder, the general characteristics of the property, and the productive, reproductive and sanitary management. Prevalence of 16.1% (55/342) of pigs seropositive was obtained. The associated risk factors were not performing quarantine (P = 0.003, OR = 5.43, CI = 1.79-16.41) and the use of artificial insemination (P = 0.023, OR = 3.38, CI = 1.18-9.66). A significant association of sow infection with the increased number of stillborn and mummified foetuses was found, as well as with the increased frequency of oestrus recurrence and the increased weaning-to-oestrus interval of seropositive sows. One might state that Leptospira spp. infection is disseminated in technified pig farms in the State of Alagoas, favouring reproductive failures and the impairment of zootechnical performance in these properties. The risk factors identified in this study are facilitators in the infecting agent dissemination and should be adjusted to control the disease in the herds studied.

Bubaline mastitis etiology in northeast of Brazil.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a frequencia de mastite clinica e subclinica e descrever os micro-organismos envolvidos no processo inflamatorio da glândula mamaria nos rebanhos de bufalos leiteiros no Nordeste do Brasil. Foram analisadas 1.896 amostras de leite provenientes de 474 bufalos em quatro propriedades localizadas nos Estados de Alagoas, Bahia, Ceara e Pernambuco. Apos o exame fisico da glândula mamaria, as amostras de leite de cada teto foram submetidas aos testes da caneca do fundo preto e CMT (California Mastitis Test). As amostras que apresentaram scores ++ e +++ no CMT e as positivas para a caneca do fundo preto foram submetidas ao exame microbiologico. Do total de amostras estudadas, 90/1.896 (4,74%) apresentaram mastite clinica. Com relacao ao CMT, observou-se que 802/1.896 (42,2%) das amostras demonstraram mastite subclinica. Staphylococcus spp. foram os micro-organismos mais frequentes, seguidos de Corynebacterium spp. e bacterias gram-negativas. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho demonstram uma elevada prevalencia de mastite subclinica em rebanhos bubalinos no Nordeste do Brasil, especialmente causadas por Staphylococcus coagulase negativa (SCN). Recomenda-se que o processo de ordenha seja aprimorado, incluindo melhorias na higiene e treinamento de ordenhadores, a fim de reduzir a frequencia da doenca nos rebanhos.

Fatores de risco para mastite infecciosa em cabras leiteiras criadas no Estado da Bahia

The present study was aimed to identify risk factors associated to infectious mastitis in goats in a semiarid region of Bahia State, Brazil. Milk samples were taken from a total of 320 animals and 640 teats on 13 dairy goat farms. The samples were collected after teat disinfection, and were submitted to standard culture and identification of microorganisms. To evaluate the sanitary management an epidemiological questionnaire was used. The risk-factor analysis was performed in two steps: univariate and multivariate. The frequency of animals and mammary glands positive for the microbiologic exam was 29.06% (93/320) and 18.44% (118/640), respectively. One hundred eighteen bacteria were isolated, Staphylococcus spp. being the most prevalent. In the univariate risk-factor analysis, in regard to veterinary support, goats from farms without technical support presented higher frequencies to mastitis. In regard to the place of milking, a lower frequency of mastitis was detected where milking platforms were used. In the multivariate analysis, the predominance of mixed breeds was observed as an important risk factor for mastitis (OR = 1.907; p = 0.010). The spread of technology is necessary for better milking hygiene and environmental conditions, aiming to reduce the rates of infectious mastitis in the goats and consequently ensure the sanitary quality of the dairy products on small rural farms.