J.Y. Wang

Thermoactive extracellular proteases of Geobacillus caldoproteolyticus, sp. nov., from sewage sludge.

A proteolytic thermophilic bacterial strain, designated as strain SF03, was isolated from sewage sludge in Singapore. Strain SF03 is a strictly aerobic, Gram stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, and endospore-forming rod. It grows at temperatures ranging from 35 to 65°C, pH ranging from 6.0 to 9.0, and salinities ranging from 0 to 2.5%. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that strain SF03 was most similar to Saccharococcus thermophilus, Geobacillus caldoxylosilyticus, and G. thermoglucosidasius, with 16S rRNA gene sequence identities of 97.6, 97.5 and 97.2%, respectively. Based on taxonomic and 16S rRNA analyses, strain SF03 was named G. caldoproteolyticus sp. nov. Production of extracellular protease from strain SF03 was observed on a basal peptone medium supplemented with different carbon and nitrogen sources. Protease production was repressed by glucose, lactose, and casamino acids but was enhanced by sucrose and NH4Cl. The cell growth and protease production were significantly improved when strain SF03 was cultivated on a 10% skim-milk culture medium, suggesting that the presence of protein induced the synthesis of protease. The protease produced by strain SF03 remained active over a pH range of 6.0–11.0 and a temperature range of 40–90°C, with an optimal pH of 8.0–9.0 and an optimal temperature of 70–80°C, respectively. The protease was stable over the temperature range of 40–70°C and retained 57 and 38% of its activity at 80 and 90°C, respectively, after 1xa0h.

Microbiological monitoring in the biodegradation of sewage sludge and food waste

Aim:u2002 To study the microbiology of intensive, in‐vessel biodegradation of a mixture of sewage sludge and vegetable food waste.

High efficiency chlorine removal from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pyrolysis with a gas–liquid fluidized bed reactor

In this research a gas-liquid fluidized bed reactor was developed for removing chlorine (Cl) from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to favor its pyrolysis treatment. In order to efficiently remove Cl within a limited time before extensive generation of hydrocarbon products, the gas-liquid fluidized bed reactor was running at 280-320 °C, where hot N2 was used as fluidizing gas to fluidize the molten polymer, letting the molten polymer contact well with N2 to release Cl in form of HCl. Experimental results showed that dechlorination efficiency is mainly temperature dependent and 300 °C is a proper reaction temperature for efficient dechlorination within a limited time duration and for prevention of extensive pyrolysis; under this temperature 99.5% of Cl removal efficiency can be obtained within reaction time around 1 min after melting is completed as the flow rate of N2 gas was set around 0.47-0.85 Nm(3) kg(-1) for the molten PVC. Larger N2 flow rate and additives in PVC would enhance HCl release but did not change the final dechlorination efficiency; and excessive N2 flow rate should be avoided for prevention of polymer entrainment. HCl is emitted from PVC granules or scraps at the mean time they started to melt and the melting stage should be taken into consideration when design the gas-liquid fluidized bed reactor for dechlorination.

Intensive bioconversion of sewage sludge and food waste by Bacillus thermoamylovorans

The main aim of this work was to intensify conventional composting of a mixture of sewage sludge and solid food wastes by a one-stage thermophilic bioconversion of these wastes into an organic fertilizer. An intensive process was carried out in a closed system, with or without addition of a starter culture of Bacillus thermoamylovorans. The most effective thermophilic bioconversion of the mixture of food waste and sewage sludge, with addition of starter culture, was when the pH was buffered with calcium carbonate, or the pH drop in the material was prevented by preliminary removal of sulphides from sewage sludge by hydrogen peroxide.

Enhancement of food waste digestion in the hybrid anaerobic solid-liquid system

The hybrid anaerobic solid-liquid (HASL) system is a modified two-phase anaerobic digester for food waste treatment. To enhance the performance of anaerobic digestion in the HASL system, thermal pre-treatment (heating at 150 degrees C for 1 h) and freezing/thawing (freezing for 24 h at-20 degrees C and then thawing for 12 h at 25 degrees C) were proposed for food waste pre-treatment before the anaerobic digestion. Both processes were able to alter the characteristics and structure of food waste favoring substance solubilization, and hence production of methane. However, there was no net energy gain when the energy required by the pre-treatment processes was taken into account.

Effect of protein on biohydrogen production from starch of food waste.

This study demonstrated the influence of protein on biohydrogen production from carbohydrates, especially starch, by using different combinations of two model food wastes, rice as starch-rich and soybean residue as protein-rich food waste. It was found the maximum specific hydrogen production potential, 0.99 mol H2/mol initial starch as glucose, and the maximum specific hydrogen production rate, 530 ml H2/h g-VS, occurred at a starch/protein ratio of 1.7. The protein content in the initial food waste not only provided buffering capacity to neutralize the volatile fatty acids as concurrent products but also enhanced the hydrogen production by providing readily available organic nitrogen such as soluble proteins and amino acids to microorganisms.

Quantification of methanogens by fluorescence in situ hybridization with oligonucleotide probe

To monitor anaerobic environmental engineering system, new method of quantification for methanogens was tested. It is based on the measurement of specific binding (hybridization) of 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probe Arc915, performed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and quantified by fluorescence spectrometry. Average specific binding of Arc915 probe was 13.4±0.5xa0amol/cell of autofluorescent methanogens. It was 14.3, 13.3, and 12.9xa0amol/cell at the log phase, at stationary phase and at the period of cell lysis of batch culture, respectively. Specific binding of Arc915 probe per 1xa0ml of microbial sludge suspension from anaerobic digester linearly correlated with concentration of autofluorescent cells of methanogens. Coefficient of correlation was 0.95. Specific binding of oligonucleotide probe Arc915 can be used for the comparative estimation of methanogens during anaerobic digestion of organic waste. Specific binding of Arc915 probe was linear function of anaerobic sludge concentration when it was between 1.4 and 14.0xa0mg/ml. Accuracy of the measurements in this region was from 5 to 12%.

Feasibility study on the operation of UASB reactor treating acidified food waste.

ABSTRACT A mesophilic upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor seeded with granules adapted to VFA wastewater was operated as the methanogenic phase of a two-phase anaerobic batch process for food waste digestion. A semi-liquid recycle reactor filled with food waste was used as the acidification reactor and first recirculated for 8 days in the pre-acidification stage, resulting in 14,500 mg/L of total VFA and 15,800 mg/L of COD in the leachate. During the subsequent 8 days of two-phase operation, the leachate was circulated to the UASB reactor. In methanogenic phase, biogas with methane content of 68% on average was generated, and COD and total VFA removals were 74–93% and 77–99%, respectively. At the end of two-phase process, 65% of volatile solids removal and 0.30 L/gVS of methane yield were obtained. The results of this laboratory-scale study show that an UASB system can be used as the methanogenic phase in a two-phase anaerobic batch process, and is effective for conversion of the acidified food waste.