Jackson Adriano Albuquerque

Propriedades físicas do solo sob preparo convencional e semeadura direta em rotação e sucessão de culturas, comparadas às do campo nativo

In soils with naturally favorable characteristics for cultivation, conventional tillage degrades the physical soil properties, since this management system causes the rupture of aggregates, soil compaction, and eliminates soil cover. No-tillage, on the other hand, maintains soil cover and improves physical properties, but consolidates the surface layer. Our study was conducted on a Haplumbrept soil, from May 1995 to April 2001. Five soil tillage treatments were used: conventional tillage crop rotation (CTR), conventional tillage crop succession (CTS), no-tillage crop rotation (NTR), no-tillage crop succession (NTS), and natural pasture (NP), in four replications each. The crop sequences were bean/fallow/maize/fallow/soybean/fallow in CTR, maize/fallow/maize/fallow/maize/fallow in CTS, bean/oat/maize/turnip/soybean/vetch in NTR and maize/vetch/maize/vetch/maize/vetch in NTS. Soil density, macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity, organic carbon, and water aggregate stability (MWD) were evaluated in April 2001 for the soil layers 0-2.5, 2.5-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, and 20-30 cm. In the 0-10 cm layer, soil density was higher in no-tillage than conventional tillage and natural pasture, while macroporosity, total porosity, and the macroporosity/total porosity relation was higher in conventional tillage in the mean for cropping systems, in this layer. Organic carbon, MWD, and sensibility index for MWD means of layers and tillage systems were higher in no-tillage and natural pasture than in conventional tillage.

Efeitos da integração lavoura-pecuária nas propriedades físicas do solo e características da cultura do milho

The integration between agriculture and cattle-raising in some areas can restrict the use of no-tillage system in clayey soils, due to soil surface compaction, which restricts root growth and limits crop yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in soil physical properties and maize parameters caused by animal trampling preceding the summer crop, under two tillage systems. The degree of degradation of the cultivated soil compared to the native forest was also evaluated. The experiment was carried out in Lages, Southern Brazil, in an Ultisol, using conventional tillage and no-tillage with corn in the summer and oat in the winter for grazing. Macropores, micropores, total porosity, bulk density, saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, resistance to penetration and corn parameters were determined. The pressure applied by animal trampling and soil management systems degraded the soil structure in comparison to the native forest. This was observed by the reduction of the macropores, total porosity and saturated soil hydraulic conductivity and through an increase of the bulk density. Under the no-tillage system, there was an increase of the resistance to penetration, mainly in the layer of 0 to 0,15 m. These alterations in soil structure reduced maize plant height, number of green leaves, weight and number of grains per ear under no-tillage compared to conventional tillage. Such observations show the evidence that growers should avoid the use of heavy machines and animal trampling under no-tillage, particularly in clayey soils and when soil moisture is above the friability point.

Acidificação de um Latossolo sob plantio direto

Soil tillage affects soil acidification and nutrient cycling and possibly causes effects on crop development and yields. In this study, the long-term (21 yr) effect of the no-tillage system (NT) on soil chemical characteristics (solid phase and solution) was evaluated in a south Brazilian Oxisol (Guarapuava, Parana State), focussing on acidity components. NT caused an acidification process in the top soil layer, demonstrated by lower pH values (2-10 cm) and higher concentration and saturation values of Al (6-20 cm), in comparison to soil with conventional tillage (CT). However, the highest values of exchangeable and soil solution Ca, Mg and K, bases saturation, available P (Mehlich-1 and Resin), and total and soluble organic carbon in no-tilled soil off-set the negative effect of the soil acidification and contribute to a 22 % higher accumulated crop yield (39 harvests) than under conventionally tilled soil.

Estimation of water retention and availability in soils of Rio Grande do Sul

Dispersed information on water retention and availability in soils may be compiled in databases to generate pedotransfer functions. The objectives of this study were: to generate pedotransfer functions to estimate soil water retention based on easily measurable soil properties; to evaluate the efficiency of existing pedotransfer functions for different geographical regions for the estimation of water retention in soils of Rio Grande do Sul (RS); and to estimate plant-available water capacity based on soil particle-size distribution. Two databases were set up for soil properties, including water retention: one based on literature data (725 entries) and the other with soil data from an irrigation scheduling and management system (239 entries). From the literature database, pedotransfer functions were generated, nine pedofunctions available in the literature were evaluated and the plant-available water capacity was calculated. The coefficient of determination of some pedotransfer functions ranged from 0.56 to 0.66. Pedotransfer functions generated based on soils from other regions were not appropriate for estimating the water retention for RS soils. The plant-available water content varied with soil texture classes, from 0.089 kg kg-1 for the sand class to 0.191 kg kg-1 for the silty clay class. These variations were more related to sand and silt than to clay content. The soils with a greater silt/clay ratio, which were less weathered and with a greater quantity of smectite clay minerals, had high water retention and plant-available water capacity.

Comportamento de atributos relacionados com a forma da estrutura de Latossolo Vermelho sob sistemas de preparo e plantas de cobertura

Soil tillage and crop systems have significant influence on the soil structure, affecting water and air flow. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects the management has on the soil properties of a Hapludox cultivated with maize intercropped with summer cover crops. Two experiments were carried out in Chapeco, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil under reduced tillage (RT) from 1993 to 1998 and conventional tillage (CT) from 1994 to 1998. Three cropping systems were evaluated under each tillage system: maize + Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea), maize + Stilozobiun niveun (mucuna) and maize in monoculture. For comparison purposes the soil of a adjacent native forest was also sampled. In comparison to the native forest, the tillage systems modified the soil structure by increasing the bulk density and penetration resistance and reducing macroporosity and total porosity. After five years of soil use, the reduced tillage with maize in monoculture had not recovered the properties of soil related to its structure while the use of intercropped maize-Stilozobiun niveun increased the soil macropores, total porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity and reduced the bulk density. These improvements through the use of summer cover crops were not observed under conventional tillage. The use of intercropped systems improved the soil physical quality of this clayey Hapludox, especially due to the increase in crop residue inputs.

Propriedades físicas e teor de carbono orgânico de um Argissolo Vermelho sob distintos sistemas de uso e manejo

A conservacao do solo e a produtividade das culturas podem ser negativamente afetadas por mudancas causadas a composicao e arranjos dos constituintes do solo por diferentes sistemas de manejo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influencia da intensidade de revolvimento sobre atributos fisicos e teor de carbono orgânico (CO) do solo. O experimento foi realizado por 17 anos em Eldorado do Sul (RS), num Argissolo Vermelho de textura media sob diferentes sistemas de manejo: preparo convencional (PC), preparo reduzido (PR) e semeadura direta (SD), utilizando a sucessao de culturas ervilhaca-milho. Uma area de campo nativo (CN), adjacente as parcelas agricolas, foi utilizada como testemunha. As amostras de solo foram coletadas antes do estabelecimento da cultura de verao, nas camadas de 0-2,5, 2,5-7,5, 7,5-12,5 e 12,5-17,5 cm de profundidade. As propriedades avaliadas foram: teor de carbono orgânico, densidade do solo e de particulas, macro, micro e porosidade total, grau de floculacao e estabilidade de agregados. Os sistemas de preparo nao influenciaram a densidade e a porosidade total do solo, mas a distribuicao do tamanho de poros variou conforme a profundidade de amostragem. A macroporosidade foi maior no preparo convencional em relacao ao preparo reduzido e semeadura direta somente na camada de 7,5-12,5 cm, e os microporos foram mais abundantes de 0-2,5 cm na semeadura direta em relacao aos demais sistemas. A adocao da semeadura direta aumentou a estabilidade de agregados da camada superficial do solo em relacao ao preparo convencional, mediante a elevacao no teor de carbono orgânico.

Aumento de matéria orgânica num latossolo bruno em plantio direto

The increase of soil organic matter stocks under conservation management systems is dependent of soil type and regional climatic conditions, and has influence on the physical quality of soils. In this study the long-term (21 yr) effect of no-tillage on total soil organic carbon (TOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC, >53 µm), as well as its relationship with aggregate stability of a South Brazilian Oxisol (Haplohumox), was evaluated. In comparison with TOC stocks of conventionally-tilled soil, no-tillage soil had a net storage of 0.15Mg ha-1 yr-1 of TOC, and 0.06Mg ha -1 yr-1 of POC, in the 0-20cm soil layer. These low accumulation rates of organic carbon probably were due to the high clay content and gibbsitic mineralogy of the soil, which determine a great physical stability of soil organic matter. The mean geometric diameter (MGD) of soil aggregates varied from 1.6 to 3.7mm, and had a positive relationship with TOC and POC, reinforcing the crucial role of organic matter on physical quality of subtropical oxisols.

Atributos físicos do solo relacionados ao armazenamento de água em um Argissolo Vermelho sob diferentes sistemas de preparo

The tillage systems affect the soil structure, and influence the storage of water available to plants. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of long-term (17 years) of conventional tillage (PC), reduced tillage (PR) and no tillage (SD) on soil physical properties related to water storage in a Loamy Acrisol, in Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul State. Soil samples (0-2.5, 2.5-7.5, 7.5-12.5, 12.5-17.5 cm) were collected in a sequence of vetch/corn and in an adjacent native grass field. The soil in SD presented high organic carbon (CO) for the superficial layer and large soil resistance values for depth compared to the conventional tillage. There were no differences among tillage systems of macro and microporosity of the soil, but for PC the saturated hydraulic conductivity increased in depth. No physical restriction to the plant root penetration in the soil under the different tillage systems was verified, which agrees with observation of non-critical observed values of bulk density (1.35 - 1.65 Mg m-3), macroporosity (0.09 - 0.20 m3 m-3) and soil resistance (0.25 - 0.75 MPa). The water retention curves and the available water (AD = 10 kPa (field capacity) - 1.500 kPa (point of permanent wither)) were not influenced by tillage systems, being the low volume of available water (0.05 - 0.09 m3 m-3) related to the texture of this soil. In this case, the increase of the infiltration rate and decrease of water evaporation due to the maintenance of the plant residues on soil surface for reduced tillage and no tillage may contribute to increase availability of water in the initial phase of crop establishment in these systems.

Atributos físicos de um Latossolo Vermelho e produtividade de culturas cultivadas em sucessão e rotação

This study had as objective to evaluate the effects of crops succession and rotation on physical properties and crops yield on an Oxisol (clayey Haplortox) under no-tillage system, in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The treatments included four cropping sequences, used from 1998 to 2001: 1) succession wheat / soybean, 2) rotation corn / oat / corn+ Cajanus cajan L. Millsp / wheat / soybean / wheat, 3) rotation Cajanus cajan L. Millsp / wheat / soybean / wheat / soybean / oat, and 4) rotation Crotalaria juncea L. / wheat / soybean / oat / corn / wheat. In October of 2000 and 2001, soil samples were collected to determine physical properties. In all years, the crops yield was measured. The Oxisol cultivated under notillage had a high compaction degree, with soil bulk density greater and macroporosity smaller than the critical limit for clay texture. The largest limitations were observed below the layer of 0 to 0,03m, because in the uppermost layer soil mobilization by successive operations of fertilization and sowing increases soil porosity and reduces soil density. Thus, greater volume of pores is observed between soil saturation and field capacity, responsible for soil aeration, and between field capacity and wilting point, responsible for storage of plant available water. The use of cover crops once every three years was not efficient to reduce soil compaction. The yield of the subsequent crops was influenced positively in the rotation with Crotalaria juncea, while the other cropping systems did not differ from crop succession.

Propriedades físicas e eletroquímicas de um Latossolo Bruno afetadas pela calagem

Liming influences some electrochemical properties of soils of variable charge that may affect clay dispersion and aggregate stability. This hypothesis was tested after five years of incorporation of increasing rates of limestone (0, 4.5, 9.0, 13.5 and 18 t ha-1) into a Brown Latosol (Haplohumox). Dolimitic limestone was plowed down to 17 cm depth into the soil during the spring of 1992 when field plots began to be cultivated annually with continuous corn. Soil samples used in this work were collected in the spring of 1997. Liming increased the amount of clay dispersed in water (R2 = 0.93**), negative surface electric potential (R2 = 1.00**), point of zero salt effect PZSE (R2 = 0.85*) and slightly decreased soil organic matter (R2 = 0.83*), but had no effect on soil aggregate stability. The increase on PZSE was probably caused by the decrease of soil organic matter. Clay dispersion was positively associated with surface electric potential (R2 = 0.93**) and its increase was probably due to higher repulsive forces among soil particles as a consequence of either increases on CEC and on thickness of electric double layer.