Jacqueline E. Pickrell

Implicit partisanship: Taking sides for no reason

After spending 45 s studying the names of 4 members of a hypothetical group, subjects showed both implicit liking and implicit identification with the group. These effects of studying names were much larger than the mere exposure (R. B. Zajonc, 1968) effects of either 6 (Experiment 2) or 10 (Experiment 3) extra exposures to each name. This implicit partisanship effect differs from the minimal group effect (H. Tajfel, 1970) because its procedure involves no membership in the target group. It also differs from the mere exposure effect because the target stimuli are presented once as members of a group rather than multiple times as unrelated individuals. A plausible (but not established) interpretation is that the attitude and identification effects are consequences of mere categorization.

Expanded studies of the pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of multidose sublingual triazolam in healthy volunteers.

Abstract Previous work described the pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of multidose sublingual triazolam (Halcion; Pharmacia & Upjohn Co, Kalamazoo, Mich). This laboratory study evaluated the hypothesis that incremental dosing of triazolam produces dose-dependent central nervous system depression that is profound and long lasting. Forty-nine healthy adults between the ages of 21 and 39 years, not receiving dental treatment, were randomly assigned to placebo (n = 12) or 1 of 3 triazolam groups (0.25-mg single dose, n = 12; 0.5 mg divided between 2 equal doses for 60 minutes, n = 12; or 0.75 mg divided among 3 doses for 90 minutes, n = 13). Plasma triazolam concentrations were determined. Bispectral index (BIS) and the Observer Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale were used to assess sedation. Plasma triazolam concentrations increased with time in all subjects, with Tmax and Cmax both increasing dose dependently. Compared with placebo, all dosing paradigms produced dose-dependent BIS suppression and sedation. The single dose of 0.25 mg reached its peak BIS suppression at 90 (81 ± 7) minutes and sedation at 120 (3.6 ± 0.5) minutes and returned to baseline before 360 minutes. In contrast, incremental dosing of 0.5 and 0.75 mg produced profound and long-lasting BIS suppression and sedation that did not plateau until either 180 or 210 minutes as measured by the BIS index (67 ± 14 and 60 ± 16 at 0.5 and 0.75 mg, respectively) and 150 minutes as measured by the Observer Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale (3.2 ± 1.0 and 2.7 ± 0.4 at 0.5 and 0.75 mg, respectively). These data more fully characterize the effects of incremental dosing with sublingual triazolam and provide additional insight for discharge safety recommendations.