Jacqueline S. Osland

American Board of Surgery examinations: can we identify surgery residency applicants and residents who will pass the examinations on the first attempt?

BACKGROUND The Residency Review Committee requires that 65% of general surgery residents pass the American Board of Surgery qualifying and certifying examinations on the first attempt. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of successful first-attempt completion of the examinations. METHODS Age, sex, Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society status, class rank, honors in third-year surgery clerkship, interview score, rank list number, National Board of Medical Examiners/United States Medical Licensing Examination scores, American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination scores, resident awards, and faculty evaluations of senior residents were reviewed. Graduates who passed both examinations on the first attempt were compared with those who failed either examination on the first attempt. RESULTS No subjective evaluations of performance predicted success other than resident awards. Significant objective predictors of successful first-attempt completion of the examinations were Alpha Omega Alpha status, ranking within the top one third of ones medical student class, National Board of Medical Examiners/United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 (>200, top 50%) and Step 2 (>186.5, top 3 quartiles) scores, and American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination scores >50th percentile (postgraduate years 1 and 3) and >33rd percentile (postgraduate years 4 and 5). CONCLUSIONS Residency programs can use this information in selecting residents and in identifying residents who may need remediation.

Breast cancer tumor size: correlation between magnetic resonance imaging and pathology measurements.

BACKGROUND As physicians increasingly use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the evaluation of newly diagnosed breast cancers, a review of the correlation between MRI and pathology tumor size is imperative. METHODS A retrospective review of 91 breast tumors comparing preoperative MRI tumor size to final pathology tumor size was performed. RESULTS MRI and pathology tumor size were positively correlated (R = .650), but with an average overestimation by MRI of .63 cm (P <.0001). When stratified by MRI tumor size (< or = 2.0 cm and > 2.0 cm), a significant difference was found only in tumors greater than 2.0 cm (average overestimation = 1.06 cm; P <.0001). This trend continued for the histological subtypes of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), and invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). CONCLUSIONS MRI tumor size correlates with pathology size; however, a significant overestimation exists, particularly for tumors > 2.0 cm. Clinicians should therefore use caution in relying on MRI tumor size in determining candidacy for breast conservation therapy (BCT).

Operative Volume in the New Era: A Comparison of Resident Operative Volume Before and After Implementation of 80-Hour Work Week Restrictions

OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of the 80-hour work week restrictions on general surgery resident operative volume in a large, community-based, university-affiliated, general surgery residency program. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) operative logs of general surgery residents graduating from a single residency. The control group consisted of the residents graduating in the 3 years prior to the work-hour restriction implementation (2001, 2002, and 2003). Our comparison group consisted of those residents graduating in the first 2 classes whose entire residency was conducted after the implementation of the 80-hour work week (2008 and 2009). Comparisons were made between the control and the comparison groups in the 19 ACGME defined categories, total number of major cases, total number of chief cases, and total number of teaching assist cases. RESULTS Operative volumes in 13 categories (skin/soft tissue/breast, alimentary tract, abdominal, liver, pancreas, vascular, endocrine, pediatrics, endoscopy, laparoscopic-complex, total chief cases, total major cases, and teaching cases) were not significantly affected by the implementation of the 80-hour work week. One of the 19 categories (laparoscopic-basic) showed a significant increase in operative volume (p < 0.0001). In 4 of the 19 categories (head/neck, operative-trauma, thoracic, and plastics), operative volume was significantly decreased in the post-80-hour work week era (p < 0.05). Nonoperative trauma could not be assessed, as the category did not exist before the work-hour restrictions. CONCLUSIONS Resident operative volume at our institutions general surgery residency program largely has been unaffected by implementation of the 80-hour work week. Residencies in general surgery can be structured in a manner to allow for compliance with duty-hour regulations while maintaining the required operative volume outlined by the ACGME defined categories.

Estimation of burn depth at burn centers in the United States: a survey.

Accurate burn depth estimation remains one of the foundations of optimal burn care. The method by which burn depth is determined has traditionally been clinical examination alone. This continues to hold true in the United States, despite a plethora of literature supporting the use of more accurate modalities such as laser Doppler imaging (LDI). LDI has widespread use in burn centers in the United Kingdom and around the world. Thus, the reason for a lack of use in U.S. burn centers remains elusive. A survey of U.S. burn center directors was conducted to assess their current practices and attitudes with regard to burn depth estimation at U.S. burn centers in an effort to answer this question. Surveys were returned from 68 burn center directors (49% response rate). All respondents reported using clinical examination in their current practice for the daily evaluation of acute burns, with a biopsy being the next most commonly used modality. The most preferred modality was also clinical examination (60%), followed by LDI (6%) and biopsy (4%). The top three modalities ranked as “most promising” for daily use were clinical examination, LDI, and noncontact/high-frequency ultrasound. Directors identified the top three limitations to the use of new technology as cost (72%), availability (63%), and lack of support by evidence to date (35%). Future studies may need to focus on overcoming these perceived limitations before the widespread use of LDI or other new modalities will be realized at burn centers in the United States.

The revised ACGME laparoscopic operative requirements: how have they impacted resident education?

BackgroundLaparoscopic surgery has been an essential component of surgical education for the last two decades. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) changed the requirements for laparoscopic cases beginning with graduates in 2008, and the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery program was introduced over a decade ago as a method of measuring competency with laparoscopic techniques. The purpose of this study was to determine what changes have been made to meet these requirements and how these changes have impacted general surgery residents in their preparation to perform both basic and complex laparoscopic procedures upon completion of residency.MethodsA 23-question survey was distributed electronically to all fourth- and fifth-year residents of United States general surgery residency programs. Respondents were queried about demographics, perception of surgical education, and their level of preparedness to perform laparoscopic cases upon graduation.ResultsThe survey was completed by a total of 321 residents (174 fourth-year and 147 fifth-year). Nineteen percent of respondents indicated that they anticipated problems meeting the new ACGME guidelines and 18.7% of all respondents indicated that changes had been made to their program to meet those new requirements. The majority of residents felt they had adequate laparoscopic training upon graduation, but there was a disparity between program types. Despite this finding, more than one-third of respondents believed that it would be necessary to seek additional laparoscopic training post-residency graduation.ConclusionResidency training programs have had to keep pace with evolving technology while preparing future surgeons to perform with confidence upon completion of residency training. The majority of residents feel their training has been adequate, but there are also a great number who believe they will need to continue their education in laparoscopic surgery to keep pace with this ever-evolving field.

Income, productivity, and satisfaction of breast surgeons

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to assess how the practice patterns of breast surgeons affect their income and job satisfaction. METHODS A 19-question survey regarding practice patterns and income and job satisfaction was mailed to all active US members of the American Society of Breast Surgeons. RESULTS There were 772 responses. An increasing percentage of breast care was associated with lower incomes (P=.0001) and similar income satisfaction (P=.4517) but higher job satisfaction (P=.0001). The increasing proportion of breast care was also associated with fewer hours worked per week (P=.0001). Although incomes were lower in surgeons with a higher proportion of their practice in breast care, income satisfaction was not affected. CONCLUSIONS Although cause and effect relationships between income and breast surgery are difficult to establish, several trends do emerge. Most significantly, we found that dedicated breast surgeons have higher job satisfaction ratings and similar income satisfaction despite lower incomes.

Evaluation of changes in breast architecture after preoperative chemotherapy for breast cancer

BACKGROUND Although use of preoperative chemotherapy for breast cancer is increasing, resultant changes in breast architecture have not been described. The purpose of this study was to examine breast architecture changes in response to chemotherapy by the placement of 4 peripheral clips. METHODS In a prospective case-series of breast cancer patients selected to undergo preoperative chemotherapy, 4 clips were placed peripherally to each mass using sonographic guidance. Mammograms documented tumor size and clip locations both before chemotherapy and after chemotherapy. Percentage reduction in area was calculated based on the tumor dimensions and distances between clips. RESULTS In 16 participants, 87.5% of lesions had a significant response to chemotherapy. Changes in clip measurements varied widely from significant reduction to significant increase and did not correlate with changes in tumor size. The Pearson correlation coefficient comparing changes in tumor size and clip measurements was .036 (P = .895). CONCLUSIONS There was no correlation between reduction in tumor size and change in clip measurements. Further research should be conducted using noncompression breast imaging modalities to eliminate possible distortion caused by mammographic compression.