Jacqueline Vander Auwera

Experimental study of a jotunite (hypersthene monzodiorite): constraints on the parent magma composition and crystallization conditions (P, T, fO2) of the Bjerkreim-Sokndal layered intrusion (Norway)

The Bjerkreim-Sokndal layered intrusion is part of the Rogaland anorthosite Province of southern Norway and is made of cumulates of the anorthositemangerite-charnockite suite. This study presents experimental phase equilibrium data for one of the finegrained jotunite (Tjörn locality) occurring along its northwestern lobe. These experimental data show that a jotunitic liquid similar in composition to the Tjörn jotunite, but slightly more magnesian and with a higher plagioclase component is the likely parent of macrocyclic units (MCU)III and IV of the intrusion. The limit of the olivine stability field in the experimentally determined phase diagram as well as comparison of the Al2O3 content of low-Ca pyroxenes from experiments and cumulates (≈1.5%) yields a pressure of emplacement ≤5 kbar. Experimentally determined Fe-Ti oxide equilibria compared to the order of cumulus arrival in the intrusion show that the oxygen fugacity was close to FMQ (fayalite-magnetite-quartz) during the early crystallization. It subsequently decreased relative to this buffer when magnetite disappeared from the cumulus assemblage and then increased until the reentry of this mineral. Calculated densities of experimental liquids show a density increase with fractionation at 7, 10 and 13 kbar due to the predominance of plagioclase in the crystallizing assemblage. At 5 kbar and 1 atm (FMQ-1), where plagioclase is the liquidus phase, density first increases and then drops when olivine (5 kbar) or olivine+ilmenite (1 atm: FMQ-1) precipitate. At 1 atm and NNO (nickel-nickel oxide), the presence of both magnetite and ilmenite as near liquidus phases induces a density decrease. In the Bjerkreim magma chamber, oxides are early cumulus phases and liquid density is then supposed to have decreased during fractionation. This density path implies that new influxes of magma emplaced in the chamber were both hotter and denser than the resident magma. The density contrast inferred between plagioclase and the parent magma shows that this mineral was not able to sink in the magma, suggesting anin situ crystallization process.

The Bjerkreim-Sokndal Layered Intrusion, Southwest Norway

The Bjerkreim-Sokndal Layered Intrusion is a large (~230 km 2 ), discordant, Late Protero-zoic, post-orogenic pluton in the Egersund-Farsund Igneous Province. The intrusion was em-placed shortly after massif-type anorthosite plutons and is cut by jotunite dykes. It contains a >7000 m thick Layered Series consisting of rocks belonging to the anorthosite kindred: andes-ine anorthosite, leuconorite, troctolite, norite, gabbronorite, mangerite, and quartz mangerite. Cumulates in the Layered Series are organized in 6 megacyclic units (MCU 0 to IV), individually up to 1800 m thick, but varying considerably in thickness and development along strike. The highest-temperature cumulates are troctolites containing plagioclase of ~An 54 and olivine of ~Fo 77 · Phase contacts in the macrocyclic units reflect crystallization of the silicate minerals in the order plagioclase (± olivine), orthopyroxene, Ca-rich pyroxene, pigeonite. Il-menite crystallized early and apatite appeared as a cumulus mineral at about the same time as Ca-rich pyroxene. Cumulus magnetite followed orthopyroxene and preceded Ca-rich pyroxene in MCU III and ΓV, but crystallized after Ca-rich pyroxene in MCU IB. MCUs 0, IA and II do not contain cumulates with cumulus magnetite or Ca-rich pyroxene. Olivine (~Fo 50 ) reappears in the uppermost part of the Layered Series where there is a rapid stratigraphic transition to mangerite and quartz mangerite. The basal parts of MCUs III and ΓV are characterized by thin sequences of plagioclase, plagioclase- orthopyroxene-ilmenite and orthopyroxene-ilmenite cumulates in which there are systematic upward decreases in initial Sr isotope ratios. They are overlain by troctolite (plagioclase-olivine cumulate) and are believed to have crystallized from hybrid magmas. The MCUs, the discordant geometry of phase contacts, the stratigraphic variations in initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio (0.7049-0.7085), and the abundance of xenoliths suggest crystallization of the cumulates at the base of a periodically-replenished, compositionally-zoned magma chamber that was continually assimilating country rocks. The parent, as indicated by medium-grained jotunite along country-rock contacts, appears to have been an evolved, Ti-rich magma similar to ferrobasalt, but poor in diopside components. Systematic stratigraphic variations in initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio at the base of MCU IΠ and MCU IV suggest that influx of magma into the chamber was accompanied by mixing with resident, contaminated magma.

Large-scale silicate liquid immiscibility during differentiation of tholeiitic basalt to granite and the origin of the Daly gap

The dearth of intermediate magmatic compositions at the Earths surface, referred to as the Daly gap, remains a major issue in igneous petrology. The initially favored explanation invoking silicate liquid immiscibility during evolution of basalt to rhyolite has lost support because of the absence of any firm geological evidence for separation of Fe- and Si-rich liquids in igneous rocks. This work presents a record of large-scale magmatic differentiation due to immiscibility in the tholeiitic Sept Iles intrusion (Canada), one of the largest layered plutonic bodies on Earth. Gabbroic cumulate rocks from the Critical Zone of this intrusion show a bimodal distribution in density and P2O5 content, despite identical major element chemistry of the principal magmatic phases. Immiscibility is supported by the presence of contrasting Fe-rich and Si-rich melt inclusions trapped in cumulus apatite. Phase diagrams and well-documented occurrences of small-scale immiscibility confirm that liquid-liquid unmixing and the separation of Fe-rich and Si-rich liquids may contribute significantly to the Daly gap along the tholeiitic liquid line of descent.

Shoshonitic liquid line of descent from diorite to granite: the Late Precambrian post-collisional Tismana pluton (South Carpathians, Romania)

Abstract The post-collision late-kinematic Tismana pluton belongs to the shoshonitic series. It is part of a Late Precambrian basement within the Alpine Danubian nappes of the South Carpathians (Romania). This pluton displays an exceptionally complete range of compositions from ultramafic to felsic rocks (granites). Widespread mingling/mixing relationships at all scales give rise to a variety of facies. A liquid line of descent from the diorites to the granites is reconstructed by considering the variation in major and trace elements (REE, Sr, Rb, Ba, Nb, Zr, Hf, Zn, V, Co, Cr, U, Th, Ga, Pb) from 33 selected samples as well as mineral/melt equilibrium relationships. The first step of fractional crystallization is the separation from a monzodioritic parent magma of a peridotitic cumulate similar to the ultramafic rock found in the massif. A possible contamination by lower crustal mafic component takes place at this stage. The second step marks the appearance of apatite and Fe–Ti oxide minerals as liquidus phases, and the third step, saturation of zircon. Mixing by hybridisation of magmas produced at different stages of the evolution along the liquid line of descent is also operating (endo-hybridisation). As depicted by Nd and Sr isotopes, fractional crystallization was combined to an important early contamination by a mafic lower crust in a deep-seated magma chamber and to a later and mild contamination by a felsic medium crust in an intermediate chamber. The mingling essentially occurred during the final emplacement in the high-level magma chamber. The monzodioritic parent magma, identified by major and trace element modelling, is shown by Sr and Nd isotopes to have its source in the lithospheric mantle or in a juvenile mafic lower crust derived from it. The necessarily recent enrichment in K2O and associated elements of the lithospheric mantle is likely to be related to the preceding Pan-African subduction period. The partial melting of this newly formed deep source has to be linked to a major change in the thermal state of the plate.

The effect of pressure on DSr (plag/melt) and DCr (opx/melt): implications for anorthosite petrogenesis

The crystal^liquid partition coefficients for Sr and Cr, DSr and DCr, have been determined from electron microprobe analyses of plagioclase^liquid and orthopyroxene^liquid pairs produced in melting experiments run at pressures from 1 bar to 27 kbar on two compositions relevant to anorthosite petrogenesis. One is a primitive jotunite (hypersthene monzodiorite: TJ); the other is a sample of an anorthositic dyke (500B). Results indicate that DSr (plag/liq) remains nearly constant with increasing pressure (TJ: 1.7 to 2.6; 500B: 0.9 to 1.4). This modest variation apparently results from the combined and opposing effects of crystal chemistry and pressure: DSr increases with the albite content of plagioclase, which itself increases with pressure along a composition’s liquidus, so pressure must have an intrinsic negative effect. The two models for DSr [J. Blundy, B. Wood, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55 (1991) 193^209; I. Bindeman, A. Davis, M. Drake, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62 (1998) 1175^1193] that take into account the strong correlation between DSr and plagioclase composition overestimate DSr at high pressure; whereas the two models that ignore plagioclase composition [S. Morse, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56 (1992) 1735^1738; R. Nielsen, Comput. Geosci. 18 (1992) 773^788] underestimate it. Moreover, since none of these models takes into account any pressure effect, the discrepancies between predicted and observed DSr increase with pressure for all models. The new results also show that DCr (opx/liq) increases significantly with pressure: DCr = 2 at 1 atm and 14.2 at 10 kbar. These new data confirm earlier, less precise determinations of DCr that were used to infer a high-pressure origin for Al- and Cr-rich orthopyroxene megacrysts. The calculated Sr and Cr concentrations of liquids in equilibrium at 10 kbar with plagioclase and orthopyroxene megacrysts from anorthosite massifs (Sr = 370 to 610 ppm and Cr = 20 to 130 ppm) are in the range of what is observed in high-Al gabbros and primitive jotunites, the inferred parent magmas of massive anorthosites. fl 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Trace-elements (ree) and Isotopes (o, C, Sr) To Characterize the Metasomatic Fluid Sources - Evidence From the Skarn Deposit (fe, W, Cu) of Traversella (ivrea, Italy)

The skarn complex of Traversella was formed at the expense of various rock types (calcic hornfels, gneiss, dolomitic marble) occurring in the contact aureole of the dioritic intrusion of Traversella (30±5 Ma). Application of phase equilibria has fixed the temperature of the primary stage of skarn formation between 550° C to 625° C. Similar applications indicate a larger range of temperature (525° C to 300° C) for the secondary stage. The different types of skarn (primary stage) are enriched in REE relative to the corresponding precursor rock (T.R.=126 ppm (protolith) to 228 ppm (inner zone) for the skarn on gneisses; T.R.=14 ppm to 71 ppm for the skarn on calcic hornfelses; T.R.=12 ppm to 200 ppm for the skarn on dolomitic marbles), but all the inner zones of these different types of skarn show a similar REE distribution with a slight LREE fractionation and no Eu anomaly. It is inferred that the primary metasomatic fluid has a parallel REE pattern. The oxygen isotope composition of water in equilibrium with the early stage of skarn at T=600° C ranges from 8.3 per mil to 8.9 per mil. At the beginning of the first hydroxylation stage (secondary stage), the fluid σ18O remains in the range observed in the primary stage but within it, there is a sharp decrease from 8.0 per mil to 5.0 per mil. During the sulphidation stage, the fluid σ18O decreases more gradually from 5.0 per mil to 3.0 per mil. The ISr of the early skarn silicates ranges from the values observed in the dolomitic marbles (0.70874 to 0.70971) to the ISr of the intrusion (0.70947 to 0.71064). During the secondary stage, there is a progressive increase of the minerals ISr up to 0.71372. The REE pattern of the primary metasomatic fluid does not put any precise constraint on the primary fluid source. On the other hand, both stable and radiogenic isotopes suggest that the early high-temperature metasomatic fluid was isotopically equilibrated with the dioritic intrusion. This implies that this early fluid is either exsolved from the crystallizing intrusion or a metamorphic water previously equilibrated with the intrusion. During the secondary stage, the replacement of the early anhydrous phases by hydrated parageneses is accompanied by the mixing with meteoric fluid as indicated by stable (σ18O) and radiogenic (87Sr/86Sr) isotopes.

Occurrence of Contrasting Skarn Formations in Dolomites of the Traversella Deposit (ivrea, Italy)

Metasomatic columns hosted in dolomitic marbles in the thermal aureole of the Traversella monzodiorite (Ivrea, Italy) differ by their mineralogy and/or mineral composition. Three groups have been distinguished. In group A, the first zone always contains forsterite-calcite and the second zone contains clinopyroxene. The last zone is made of wollastonite (A1), andradite-rich garnet (A 2) or grossular-rich garnet (A 3). In group B, tremolite instead of forsterite occurs in the first two zones. In group C columns, there are only two zones and clinohumite or chondrodite characterize the first zone.Field, petrographic and chemical data demonstrate that the occurrence of contrasted mineral zonations in the same protolith has not been induced by local heterogeneities in the dolomitic marbles. The presence of tremolite in group B instead of forsterite is due to the lower temperature prevailing in the external part of the contact aureole. Chemical data as well as μ-μ diagrams suggest that the columns in groups A and C were formed through the interaction of the dolomitic marbles with fluids with different μFe2O3, μAl2O3 and μF. A fluid with low μAl2O3 and μFe2O3 is assumed for the metasomatic column with wollastonite (A 1) and different μAl2O3/μFe2O3 values in the fluid are responsible for the formation of columns A 2 and A 3. The stability of clinohumite or chondrodite in group C columns has been induced by a higher μF of the fluid than in the other groups. The presence during the prograde metasomatic stage of distinct fluids differing by their μAl2O3/μFe2O3 (columns A 2 and A 3) is likely to have been induced by variations in the source composition. Moreover, the low A1 and Fe content in column A 1 could be due to the reaction of the dolomitic marble with a fluid previously depleted in these components during percolation and reaction with the country rocks.As shown by isocon diagrams and Gresenss equation, skarn formation has locally induced both mass and volume change. The volume decreased in the wollastonite zone of A 1 (19%) and in the Fo-Cc zone of A2 (17%). Mass is always increased except in the wollastonite of A 1 where it is decreased. Mass balance of major elements has shown that Ca is likely to be a perfectly inert component and that Si is always strongly increased. Moreover, Fe is increased in A 2 and A 3 whereas Al is only increased in A 3. Mg is leached in the internal part of column Al.Quantification of chemical potential diagrams using different values of μAl2O3 μFe2O3, XF and T suggests that the successive zones observed in all types of columns can be obtained along an increase of μSiO2 towards the inner zones. A simultaneous decrease in μMgO is inferred for group A columns.

Ti Substitution Mechanisms in Phlogopites from the Suwalki Massif-type Anorthosite, NE Poland

Intercumulus titanian phlogopite occurs in leuco- and gabbro-noritic cumulates from the Suwalki anorthosite massif, NE Poland. The degree of Ti enrichment in the micas ranges from 2.59 to 9.41 wt.% TiO2. The chemical composition is highly variable for several other elements: Al 2O3 (13.07-16.75 wt.%), K2O (7.90-10.16 wt.%), FeOtot (6.92-16.69 wt.%), Fe2O3 (0.82-2.95 wt.%), and MgO (9.86-19.54 wt.%), with a Mg/(Fe + Mg) ratio ranging from 0.47 to 0.83. Substitution mechanisms for Ti are proposed, which suggest the presence of exchange vectors involving octahedral and tetrahedral cations. In samples characterized by low Ti contents (0.147-0.239 Ti a.p.f.u.), the Ti incorporation mechanism is: [6]Ti4+ + [6]□ = 2( [6]Mg2+, [6]Fe2+, [6]Mn2+), where [6]□ corresponds to a vacancy in octahedral coordination (Ti-vacancy). In the two groups with intermediate (0.164-0.326 Ti a.p.f.u.) and high Ti contents (0.477-0.532 Ti a.p.f.u.), the Ti substitution mechanism corresponds to the reaction: [6]Ti4+ + 2([4]A13+, [4]Fe3+) = ([6]Mg2+, [6]Fe2+, [6]Mn2+) + 2 [4]Si4+ (Ti-Tschermak). The Mossbauer spectral investigation shows that 0.046-0.167 a.p.f.u. Fe3+ occur on the octahedral sites of the structure. The substitution mechanism responsible for the incorporation of Fe3+ in phlogopites from Suwalki is 3( [6]Mg2+, [6]Fe2+) = 2( [6]Al3+, [6]Fe3+) + [6](M3+-vacancy). The use of the Ti content of phlogopite as geothermometer reveals crystallization temperatures from 729 ± 15 to 874 ± 15 °C for the phlogopites.

The Sept Iles Intrusive Suite, Quebec, Canada

The Sept Iles Intrusive Suite (Quebec, Canada) is made up of a large layered intrusion, late gabbro intrusions and a composite sill (Pointe du Criard Sill). The layered intrusion crystallized from a ferrobasaltic magma and is subdivided into a Layered Series of troctolite and gabbro, an anorthositic Upper Border Series and a granitic Upper Series. The formation of the Upper Border Series resulted from plagioclase flotation from the base to the roof of the magma chamber. Fractionation of troctolites and gabbros in the Layered Series resulted in SiO2-enrichment and FeOt-depletion of the residual melt, ultimately forming the granite of the Upper Series. The solidification history of the Layered Series was interrupted by two major and a series of minor influxes of ferrobasaltic melt, significantly enlarging the size of the initial magma chamber. As a consequence, the Layered Series can be subdivided into three megacyclic units (MCU I, II and III). Mixing between resident magma and undifferentiated melt during replenishments had an important influence on both mineral compositions and the liquid lines of descent during the crystallization of the various megacyclic units. It is shown that the liquid line of descent during crystallization of MCU II reached silicate liquid immiscibility. Immiscible melts crystallized two different types of apatite-bearing gabbros, one of which is a major P–Ti–Fe deposit. Cumulate rocks in the layered intrusion show a wide range of crystallized interstitial liquid content. Expelling of this liquid from the crystal mush during solidification is explained both by compaction and compositional convection, but the relative efficiency of these two processes is shown to change significantly with differentiation.

Soil erosion in relation to land use changes in the Amik Lake sediments near the Antioch antique city during the last 4kyr

The Amik Basin in the Eastern Mediterranean region occupied since 6000–7000 BC has sustained a highly variable anthropic pressure culminating during the late Roman Period when the Antioch city reached its golden age. The present 6-m-long sedimentary record of the Amik Lake occupying the central part of the Basin constrains major paleoenvironmental changes over the past 4000 years using multi-proxy analyses (grain size, magnetic susceptibility, and x-ray fluorescence (XRF) geochemistry). An age model is provided by combining short-lived radionuclides with radiocarbon dating. A lake/marsh prevailed during the last 4 kyr with a level increase at the beginning of the Roman Period possibly related to optimum climatic condition and water channeling. The Bronze/Iron Ages are characterized by a strong terrigenous input linked to deforestation, exploitation of mineral resources, and the beginning of upland cultivation. The Bronze/Iron Age transition marked by the collapse of the Hittite Empire is clearly documented. Erosion continued during the Roman Period and nearly stopped during the early Islamic Period in conjunction with a decreasing population and soil depletion on the calcareous highland. The soil-stripped limestone outcrops triggered an increase in CaO in the lake water and a general decrease in ZrO2 released in the landscape that lasts until the present day. During the Islamic Period, pastoralism on the highland sustained continued soil erosion of the ophiolitic Amanus Mountains. The Modern Period is characterized by a higher pressure particularly on the Amanus Mountains linked to deforestation, road construction, ore exploitation, and drying of the lake for agriculture practices.