Jakub Vaněk

Lanthanide(III) Complexes of 4,10‐Bis(phosphonomethyl)‐1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,7‐diacetic acid (trans‐H6do2a2p) in Solution and in the Solid State: Structural Studies Along the Series

Complexes of 4,10-bis(phosphonomethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,7-diacetic acid (trans-H(6)do2a2p, H(6)L) with transition metal and lanthanide(III) ions were investigated. The stability constant values of the divalent and trivalent metal-ion complexes are between the corresponding values of H(4)dota and H(8)dotp complexes, as a consequence of the ligand basicity. The solid-state structures of the ligand and of nine lanthanide(III) complexes were determined by X-ray diffraction. All the complexes are present as twisted-square-antiprismatic isomers and their structures can be divided into two series. The first one involves nona-coordinated complexes of the large lanthanide(III) ions (Ce, Nd, Sm) with a coordinated water molecule. In the series of Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Er, Yb, the complexes are octa-coordinated only by the ligand donor atoms and their coordination cages are more irregular. The formation kinetics and the acid-assisted dissociation of several Ln(III)-H(6)L complexes were investigated at different temperatures and compared with analogous data for complexes of other dota-like ligands. The [Ce(L)(H(2)O)](3-) complex is the most kinetically inert among complexes of the investigated lanthanide(III) ions (Ce, Eu, Gd, Yb). Among mixed phosphonate-acetate dota analogues, kinetic inertness of the cerium(III) complexes is increased with a higher number of phosphonate arms in the ligand, whereas the opposite is true for europium(III) complexes. According to the (1)H NMR spectroscopic pseudo-contact shifts for the Ce-Eu and Tb-Yb series, the solution structures of the complexes reflect the structures of the [Ce(HL)(H(2)O)](2-) and [Yb(HL)](2-) anions, respectively, found in the solid state. However, these solution NMR spectroscopic studies showed that there is no unambiguous relation between (31)P/(1)H lanthanide-induced shift (LIS) values and coordination of water in the complexes; the values rather express a relative position of the central ions between the N(4) and O(4) planes.

Chemical and biological evaluation of 153Sm and 166Ho complexes of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrakis(methylphosphonic acid monoethylester) (H4dotpOEt)

The novel methylphosphonic acid monoethylester (H(4)dotp(OEt)) has been synthesized and characterized and their complexes with Sm(III) and Ho(III) ions were studied. Dissociation constants of the ligand are lower than those of H(4)dota. The stability constants of the Ln(III)-H(4)dotp(OEt) complexes are surprisingly much lower that those of H(4)dota (H(4)dota=1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) probably due to a lower coordination ability of the phosphonate monoester groups. Acid-assisted decomplexation studies have shown that both complexes are less kinetically inert than the H(4)dota complexes, but still much more inert than complexes of open-chain ligands. Nevertheless, the synthesis of (153)Sm and (166)Ho complexes with this ligand led to stable complexes both in vitro and in vivo. A very low binding of these complexes to hydroxyapatite (HA) and calcified tissues was observed confirming the assumption that a fully ionized phosphonate group(s) is necessary for a strong bone affinity. Both complexes show similar behaviour in vivo and, in general, follow the biodistribution trend of the H(4)dota complexes with the same metals.

Software news and updates electronegativity equalization method: Parameterization and validation for organic molecules using the Merz‐Kollman‐Singh charge distribution scheme

The electronegativity equalization method (EEM) was developed by Mortier et al. as a semiempirical method based on the density‐functional theory. After parameterization, in which EEM parameters Ai, Bi, and adjusting factor κ are obtained, this approach can be used for calculation of average electronegativity and charge distribution in a molecule. The aim of this work is to perform the EEM parameterization using the Merz‐Kollman‐Singh (MK) charge distribution scheme obtained from B3LYP/6‐31G* and HF/6‐31G* calculations. To achieve this goal, we selected a set of 380 organic molecules from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) and used the methodology, which was recently successfully applied to EEM parameterization to calculate the HF/STO‐3G Mulliken charges on large sets of molecules. In the case of B3LYP/6‐31G* MK charges, we have improved the EEM parameters for already parameterized elements, specifically C, H, N, O, and F. Moreover, EEM parameters for S, Br, Cl, and Zn, which have not as yet been parameterized for this level of theory and basis set, we also developed. In the case of HF/6‐31G* MK charges, we have developed the EEM parameters for C, H, N, O, S, Br, Cl, F, and Zn that have not been parameterized for this level of theory and basis set so far. The obtained EEM parameters were verified by a previously developed validation procedure and used for the charge calculation on a different set of 116 organic molecules from the CSD. The calculated EEM charges are in a very good agreement with the quantum mechanically obtained ab initio charges.

NOTA Complexes with Copper(II) and Divalent Metal Ions: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies

H3nota derivatives are among the most studied macrocyclic ligands and are widely used for metal ion binding in biology and medicine. Despite more than 40 years of chemical research on H3nota, the comprehensive study of its solution chemistry has been overlooked. Thus, the coordination behavior of H3nota with several divalent metal ions was studied in detail with respect to its application as a chelator for copper radioisotopes in medical imaging and therapy. In the solid-state structure of the free ligand in zwitterionic form, one proton is bound in the macrocyclic cavity through a strong intramolecular hydrogen-bond system supporting the high basicity of the ring amine groups (log Ka = 13.17). The high stability of the [Cu(nota)]- complex (log KML = 23.33) results in quantitative complex formation, even at pH <1.5. The ligand is moderately selective for Cu(II) over other metal ions (e.g., log KML(Zn) = 22.32 and log KML(Ni) = 19.24). This ligand forms a more stable complex with Mg(II) than with Ca(II) and forms surprisingly stable complexes with alkali-metal ions (stability order Li(I) > Na(I) > K(I)). Thus, H3nota shows high selectivity for small metal ions. The [Cu(nota)]- complex is hexacoordinated at neutral pH, and the equatorial N2O2 interaction is strengthened by complex protonation. Detailed kinetic studies showed that the Cu(II) complex is formed quickly (millisecond time scale at cCu ≈ 0.1 mM) through an out-of-cage intermediate. Conversely, conductivity measurements revealed that the Zn(II) complex is formed much more slowly than the Cu(II) complex. The Cu(II) complex has medium kinetic inertness (τ1/2 46 s; pH 0, 25 °C) and is less resistant to acid-assisted decomplexation than Cu(II) complexes with H4dota and H4teta. Surprisingly, [Cu(nota)]- decomplexation is decelerated in the presence of Zn(II) ions due to the formation of a stable dinuclear complex. In conclusion, H3nota is a good carrier of copper radionuclides because the [Cu(nota)]- complex is predominantly formed over complexes with common impurities in radiochemical formulations, Zn(II) and Ni(II), for thermodynamic and, primarily, for kinetic reasons. Furthermore, the in vivo stability of the [Cu(nota)]- complex may be increased due to the formation of dinuclear complexes when it interacts with biometals.