James A. Millward

Introduction: Does the 2009 Urumchi violence mark a turning point?

To provide background for the four papers on Xinjiang and the Uyghurs in this special issue, this introduction discusses developments in the region since 1991, then outlines the events of June and July 2009 in Shaoguan, Guangdong, and Urumchi, Xinjiang, as best can be pieced together from available information. It concludes with brief introductions to the four articles on Xinjiang that follow in this special issue.

New Qing Imperial History : the Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde

Part 1: Chengde as Inner Asian Capital Part 2: Rituals of Empire Part 3: The Emperors Many Faces Part 4: Voices from Chengde

A Uyghur Muslim in Qianlong's Court: The Meanings of the Fragrant Concubine

I n tokyos fashionable roppongi crossing , just down the street from the Almond Cafe where urbanites converge to meet their dates, a sign over a Chinese restaurant bears two Chinese characters: Kō Hi (Xiang Fei) .The establishments menu and business cards display a portrait of a beautiful East Asian woman in Manchu dress; her expression is enigmatic. The restaurants advertising describes a Chinese emperors consort renowned for her miraculous fragrance, and promises equally aromatic culinary delights.

Multicultural China: A Brief View

Throughout history, race, language and religion have divided China as much as physical terrain, political fiat and conquest. However, it is always a politically sensitive issue to identify those non-Han people as different ethnic groups. As a result, the total number of ethnic groups has never been fixed precisely in China. For example, in 1953, only 42 ethnic peoples were identified, while the number increased to 54 in 1964 and 56 in 1982. Of course, this does not include the unknown ethnic groups as well as foreigners with Chinese citizenship.

Employment and Wages

The ratio of employees to rooms for the industry is about 7 employees to 10 rooms (.72 employees per room). This ratio is lowest for the small establishments with 5 to 10 rooms that employ .42 persons per room, while the largest businesses with 100 rooms or more employ .85 people per room. Many medium and large lodging businesses such as hotels and country inns provide other than lodging services, such as dining and recreation, requiring additional staff.

China's Minority Cultures: Identities and Integration since 1912

Religion, 1912-49 pre-1949 education marriage and divorce - some gender issues pre-1949 literature and the performing arts, 1912-49 religion among the minority nationalities, 1949-95 minorities and the education system, 1949-95 some gender issues - marriage and divorce, 1949-95 literature and the performing arts, 1949-95.