James Clifford

On Ethnographic Surrealism

Andre Breton often insisted that surrealism was not a body of doctrines, or a definable idea, but an activity. The present essay is an exploration of ethnographic activity, set, as it must always be, in specific cultural and historical circumstances. I will be concentrating on ethnography and surrealism in France between the two world wars. To discuss these activities together—at times, indeed, to permit them to merge—is to question a number of common distinctions and unities.

Person and myth : Maurice Leenhardt in the Melanesian world

Originally published in 1982, James Cliffords analytical biography of Maurice Leenhardt (1878-1954)-missionary, anthropologist, founder of French Oceanic studies, historian of religion, and colonial reformer-received wide critical acclaim for its insight into the colonial history of anthropology. Drawing extensively on unpublished letters and journals, Clifford traces Leenhardts life from his work as a missionary on the island of New Caledonia (1902-1926) to his subsequent return to Paris where he became an academic anthropologist at the Ecole Practique des Hautes Etudes, where he followed Marcel Mauss and was succeeded in 1951 by Claude Levi-Strauss. Clifford sees in Leenhardts career a foreshadowing of contemporary anthropological concerns with reflexivity, cultural hybridity, and colonial and post-colonial entanglements.