James D. Richardson

Real-time ultrasonography of the posterior fossa.

The authors ultrasonographically identified abnormalities of the posterior fossa associated with meningomyelocele (Arnold‐Chiari type II malformation), Dandy‐Walker malformation, extracerebellar hemorrhage, and post‐hemorrhagic enlargement of the fourth ventricle. Normal anatomic and pathologic features of the posterior fossa are illustrated, and the use of realtime ultrasonographic sector scanning in the posterior fossa is discussed.

Scanning Techniques and Normal Anatomy

This chapter begins with a discussion of the scanning modalities available for the evaluation of the premature neonatal cranium. Those modalities tat are optimally employed in this regard will be d’ifferentiated from those that are not. We then undertake a brief discussion of scanning techniques, placing particular emphasis on the use of the sector scanner as it is the most widely used technology in the evaluation of the preterm brain. For those not already thoroughly familiar with such material, we present the normal sonographic anatomy of the infant cranium and its contents. Variations from the norm will be illustrated, with emphasis on the structural differences between term and preterm infants.

Imaging of the Liver, Biliary Tract, and Pancreas

The interaction between the various noninvasive and invasive imaging modalities used to evaluate the liver, biliary tract, and pancreas is demonstrated in this article. By understanding this interaction and correlating noninvasive studies, the clinician will avoid diagnostic redundancy and the need for invasive testing may be reduced.

High-resolution real-time sonography. The study of superficial body parts.

High-resolution real-time scanning such as described in this article remains limited to the very superficial areas of the body. This article has been designed to give the reader an up-to-date glimpse of the minute world of small parts scanning and aid the clinician in the optimal use of this noninvasive modality.