James E. Stoddard

The Triple Bottom Line: A Framework for Sustainable Tourism Development

This conceptual article proposes that tourism development organizations adopt a triple bottom line (TBL) framework to enhance their sustainability. The TBL is a philosophical orientation whereby organizations develop and implement not just a traditional economically sustainable strategy, but also explicitly include environmental and social sustainability strategies. The history of TBL and its application to sustainable tourism development are offered and the development of a much-needed measurement instrument is described and the instrument is presented for discussion. The article concludes by presenting the benefits that can accrue to a sustainable tourism development organization through the adoption of a TBL philosophy and the use of a reliable instrument to measure TBL performance.

Risk‐taking propensity in supplier choice: Differences by sex and decision frame in a simulated organizational buying context

Past research concerning decision framing has found that buyers choices tend to be risk averse for decisions framed as a gain and risk seeking for choices framed as a loss. Attribution theory suggests that women may be less likely to take risk than men when faced with similar decision-making problems. The present study sought to determine whether there would be differences between men and women with respect to their supplier choices based on how the purchasing decision was framed. Two experiments were conducted: one using a price-based purchasing scenario and the other using a price-based and a quality-based purchasing scenario. For the price-based scenario women tended to make more risky supplier choices than men when the purchasing decision was framed as a loss, and less risky supplier choices than men when the purchasing decision was framed as a gain. No differences between the sexes were found for the quality-based scenario.

Sustainable Tourism: The Case of the Blue Ridge National Heritage Area

Tourist preferences for sustainable tourism products vary according to their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Results from a large sample in the Blue Ridge National Heritage Area found preference differences based on gender, age, education level, and income, as well as whether the tourist was a day-tripper or overnight visitor. The study found that the bulk of visitors originate in the southeastern United States, suggesting that promotions for the Blue Ridge area should be directed to those living in North Carolina and vicinity. Results from research such as this can assist sustainable tourism organizations to target promotions of various tourism activities to those who would be most interested.

Exploring the differences between new and repeat visitors to North Carolina wineries: implications for winery marketing strategy development

The purpose of this paper was to test the proposition that the distinction between new and repeat winery visitors would provide a meaningful basis for winery market segmentation. A survey of over 900 respondents to North Carolina wineries provided the data. The research found that new and returning winery visitors differed along many dimensions such as age, the number of nights staying in the area, primary purpose of the trip, the proportion of day-trippers versus overnight visitors, motivation to visit the winery, satisfaction with the winerys wine quality and wine experience, and information source use. These results suggest that the market positioning focus for older, returning winery visitors should be to continue to improve winery amenities (e.g. ambience, retail store, tasting room, restaurant, tours, wine club, etc.) and wine quality to keep them coming back. In addition, marketing effort focusing on educational programs and special events (e.g. wine and food pairings) may be quite attractive to returning winery visitors. For new winery visitors, the winery should be promoted as something fun to do. Perhaps tracking visitors with a registration form and following up with winery brochures and directing them to the website would generate favorable publicity.

Economic Impact of the Arts in a Small US County

This paper presents an assessment of the economic influence of the arts in a small county in the USA. The arts in this community consist of university, non-profit and private-sector employers and individual artists. A discussion of the methodology used to estimate the impact is provided. Over one thousand arts patrons and 62 artists and arts organizations responded to the survey. The direct and indirect economic impact of the arts in the community was estimated to be US

The Measurement of Influence Strategies in Distribution Channels

24 million. Normative prescriptions are offered for arts and county administrators.

Marketing Arts and Crafts: Exploring the Connection Between Hedonic Consumption, Distribution Channels, and Tourism

Abstract This paper reports the results of two studies undertaken to develop multiple item measures of sixteen influence strategies identified by Frazier and Sheth (1985). Two studies were conducted to assess the reliability and validity of the scales. The first study involved industrial purchasing managers from the Purchasing Management Association of the Carolinas-Virginia. The second study involved retail buyers. Overall, the measures demonstrated reasonable construct validity. The measures have adequate reliability and unidimensionality as well as strong content and convergent validity. Finally, the measures demonstrate acceptable nomological validity.

Estimating demand for services in the nonprofit tourism industry.

The purpose of this study was to explore marketing strategies for arts and crafts sales and, in particular, retail operations versus e-commence. The Craft Organization Development Association craft group cases examined suggest that although e-commerce as an emerging sales channel has been considered by most craft groups, only limited sales are occurring through it. This may be attributed to the hedonic nature of arts and crafts consumption. The results also indicate there is a strong connection between retail craft galleries and shops in tourism destinations, which suggests that an effective marketing strategy for craft sales should be locating retail shops in tourist areas and using marketing tactics linked to tourists.

Salesperson characteristics affecting consumer complaint responses

Abstract In the tourism industry sales forecasts are used in planning business strategy and operations. They are used to estimate traffic flows, occupancy rates, and visitor spending, as well as to plan for new operations and services, and budgets. Finally, sales forecasts are needed to determine the future strategy direction of the organization and capital expenditures that may result from strategy changes. This research uses historical sales data to develop a reliable sales forecasting model for a tourist attraction located in the Southeast region of the U.S. The model regression model is developed which incorporates two factors, one for time and another that accounts for marketing resources. The model was then validated by comparing estimated tourism with actual tourism data. It is also demonstrated that the use of statistical modeling can serve as a planning tool for policy makers of nonprofit organizations. Implications of this research for the nonprofit tourism industry are discussed.