James F. Gardner

Attainment of personal outcomes by people with developmental disabilities.

In 1993, The Council on Quality and Leadership in Supports for People With Disabilities (The Council) developed a person-centered outcome assessment instrument, Personal Outcome Measures (1997). The Council has maintained a database (N = 3,630) of Personal Outcome Measures interviews conducted during accreditation reviews. Our purpose in this article is to report findings on (a) the relationships between and among the Personal Outcome Measures (The Council, 1997) and patterns of individual outcome attainment and (b) to examine the impact of characteristic variables (disability, organizational size, residential type, or source of program funding) on the individual attainment of personal outcomes. Alternatives are suggested for examining the dimensions of both quality of service and quality of life for people with disabilities.

Staffing Issues in the Early 21st Century: Labor Supply, Program Models, and Technology

The community-based service programs that arose in the period from 1965 to 1980 were derivatives of the institutional models. Training and habilitation programs moved from the institution to smaller, more normalized community-based settings. Half-way homes and group homes were designed as mini-components of the larger facilities. Alternative living units, supervised apartments, and co-resident living arrangements were logical extensions of the continuum toward smaller community-based programs.