James H. Griggs

Trace metal composition of synovial fluid and blood serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract Fifty specimens of synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an equal number of specimens from cadavers who died with no evidence of connective tissue disease, were analyzed by emission spectrometry for 14 different trace metals. One hundred and five specimens of blood serum from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and an equal number of specimens from normal volunteers were similarly analyzed. In blood serum from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the mean concentrations of copper, barium, cesium, manganese, tin and molybdenum were high; iron, zinc and lead were low; and aluminium, nickel, strontium, chromium and cadmium were normal. In synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the mean concentrations of copper, iron and zinc were high; aluminum, barium, tin, strontium and cadmium were low; and manganese, nickel, cesium, chromium, lead and molybdenum were normal.

Emission Spectrometric Determination of Trace Elements in Biological Fluids

An emission spectrometric method of analysis is described, in which trace quantities of copper, iron, aluminum, barium, manganese, nickel, cesium, tin, strontium, chromium, zinc, lead, molybdenum, and cadmium were determined in blood serum. The sample preparation, starting with 2.0 ml of blood serum, is discussed in detail. The source of excitation was a 10 A dc arc. Quantitation was achieved with a direct reading emission spectrometer. The metal concentration, in micrograms per 100 ml of blood serum, was calculated from the experimental data by means of a computer.

Computerized Computation of Emission Spectrometric Data of Trace Elements in Biological Fluids

It has been found that a four-constant generalized transcendental equation can be used to relate emission spectroscopy data to concentration of trace elements in biological fluids. For each element the constants in the- empirical equation are evaluated by a three-step successive approximation, based on the data from standards. The functional relationship, which gives values well within the range of experimental error, is then used in the quantitative determination of the concentration of each of 17 trace elements in unknown samples. In these studies a Jarrell—Ash direct reading spectrometer was used. The entire procedure of data reduction and concentration printout was done on a digital computer.

Matrix Effects in the Emission Spectrometric Analysis of Trace Metals in Biological Specimens

A study was made of the effect of metals that appear in animal tissues in the mg% range on the spectrochemical determination of certain trace metals in a NaCl matrix. The presence of as little as 1 mg% of iron, magnesium, calcium, potassium, or phosphorus had a marked influence on the spectral response of the trace metals (Cu, Fe, Al, Ba, Mn, Ni, Ca, Sn, Sr, Cr, Zn, Pb, Mo, and Cd) studied. Matrix effects in this medium did not appear to be concentration-dependent or additive. It was concluded that unless the matrix compositions of standard and specimen were closely matched, serious analytical errors would result.

Distribution of 13 trace metals in pig heart tissue

Abstract The concentrations of 13 trace metals in 17 discrete anatomic sites of 11 pig hearts have been determined by emission spectrometry. The metals determined were copper, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, chromium, nickel, cesium, barium, strontium, cadmium, aluminum, tin, and lead. Anatomic sites sampled included aorta, main pulmonary artery, right superior vena cava, tricuspid valve, mitral valve, pulmonary valve, aortic valve, right atrium, left atrial appendage, right ventricle (free wall), left ventricle (free wall), left ventricle-papillary muscle, interventricular septum, crista supraventricularis, sinus node, atrioventricular node and His bundle, and left bundle branch. Statistical analysis of the data incorporated a multivariate analysis of variance and a Duncan analysis. The results showed that certain tissues of the cardiovascular system have distinctive trace metal contents.

Novel classification scheme of cardiovascular tissues using trace metal compositions

Abstract Statistical methods of pattern recognition have been employed to characterize the trace metal profiles created by the concentrations (the geometric means of 11 determinations) of 13 trace metals for 17 anatomic regions of pig heart tissue. Metals analyzed were zinc, copper, tin, aluminum, lead, cadmium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, strontium, barium, cesium and chromium. Anatomic sites sampled included main pulmonary artery, aorta, mitral valve, tricuspid valve, aortic valve, pulmonary valve, right superior vena cava, right atrium, sinus node, crista supraventricularis, left bundle branch, atrioventricular node and His bundle, left ventricle-papillary muscle, right ventricle (free wall), left ventricle (free wall), interventricular septum, and left atrial appendage. Both techniques of pattern recognition used, namely cluster analysis and discriminant analysis, recognized similar relationships among the tissues, including differences between: (1) arterial and venous tissues; (2) semilunar and atrioventricular valves; and (3) tissues derived from ordinary and specialized myocardium and those derived from blood vessels and heart valves. The pulmonary valve was found to concentrate many trace metals relative to other anatomic sites. The differences among the tissues were sufficiently striking that, using the profiles, 65% of the specimens analyzed were correctly classified with respect to their anatomic origin.

Distribution of 9 trace metals in 17 anatomic sites of dog heart tissue and their classification using pattern recognition

The concentrations (geometric means of 11 determinations) of 9 trace metals in 17 anatomic regions of dog heart tissue and blood vessels were determined. The relationships recognized within the set of trace metal profiles were comparable to those reported earlier for the cardiovascular systems of pig [J. Mol. Cell Cardiol 6, 383 (1974)] and those of beef [Bioinorg, Chem. (in press)]. These included differences in trace metal concentrations that allowed differentiation of the following tissues from each other: (1) ordinary and specialized myocardium from blood vessels and heart valves, (2) blood vessels from heart valves and (3) arterial from venous tissues.

Use of pattern recognition to classify beef cardiovascular tissues on the basis of their trace metal compositions

The pattern recognition procedure of discriminant analysis has been used to characterize the trace metal profiles created by the concentrations of 8 trace metals in 15 anatomic sites of beef heart tissue. Metals analyzed were copper, tin, lead, molybdenum, strontium, cesium, barium, and aluminum. Anatomic sites sampled included main pulmonary artery, aorta, mitral and tricuspid valves, left and right coronary arteries, os cordis, right atrium, left atrial appendage, crista supraventricularis, left bundle branch, free wall of the right and left ventricles, interventricular septum, and papillary muscle of the left ventricle. The striking features of the data were: (1) All specimens of the mitral valve, tricuspid valve, and os cordis were ambiguously described by their trace metal profiles; (2) the four blood vessels constituted two groups of two tissues each (aorta, main pulmonary artery; left and right coronary arteries); (3) tissues derived from ordinary and specialized myocardium were quite different from blood vessels, heart valves and os cordis. Using these profiles, 85% of the specimens analyzed were correctly classified by discriminant analysis with respect to their anatomic origin.

Distribution of 8 trace metals in beef heart tissue.

The concentrations of 8 trace metals in 15 discrete anatomic sites of 11 beef hearts have been determined by emission spectrometry. The metals determined were copper, aluminum, barium cesium, tin, strontium, lead, and molybdenum. Anatomic sites samples included aorta, main pulmonary artery, tricuspid valve, mitral valve, right and left coronary arteries, os cordis, right atrium, left atrial appendage, right and left ventricles (free wall), left ventricle-papillary muscle, interventricular septum, crista supraventricularis, and left bundle branch. Statistical analysis of the data incorporated a multivariate analysis of variance and a Duncan analysis. The results showed that many tissues of the beef cardiovascular system have distinctive trace metal compositions.

The cluster analysis technique of pattern recognition: application to the trace metal composition of cardiovascular tissues.

Abstract Application of the statistical method of cluster analysis as a pattern recognition technique was investigated by classification of cardiovascular tissues on the basis of their trace metal composition. The distribution patterns of 13 trace metals among 17 tissues of the heart and its appended blood vessels were determined. Cluster analysis of the data resulted in ready differentiation of tissues derived from ordinary and specialized myocardium from those of blood vessels and heart valves. Further similarities and differences among the 17 tissues were identified by comparing the patterns generated when different numbers of groups (i.e., 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 groups) were designated. It is suggested that cluster analysis may provide a generally useful tool in the interpretation of data from multi-phasic laboratory testing procedures.