James H. Mills

The history of modern psychiatry in India, 1858-1947

This article presents an introduction to the history of Indian psychiatry. It suggests that this history can be divided into four main periods, 1795 to 1857, 1858 to 1914, 1914 to 1947 and 1947 to the present day. The focus of the piece is on the periods 1858-1914 and 1914-1947, as it traces the main trends and developments of the colonial era and argues that the foundations of modern psychiatry in India were laid down in the period of British rule. A brief consideration of the post-Independence period suggests that the patterns established in the years of British rule have continued to influence the psychiatric system of modern India. Research for these conclusions is based on extensive archival work in Indian mental health institutions and in Indian records offices, as well as work conducted at the National Library of Scotland in Edinburgh and at the India Office Library, the Wellcome Institute Library and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

Soccer in South Asia : Empire, Nation, Diaspora

This volume brings together experts from around the world and from the football industry to focus on south Asian football. The book traces the history, achievments and prospects of football both in south Asia and among ex-patriate Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi communities. The place of football in the colonial and post-colonial past is explored and both British and Portuguese influences on the development of the game are considered. Contemporary issues such as the impact of the professional league in India and the role of UK Asians in the organization of the Indian game are considered. Future scenarios are explored and models for progression and problems facing the sport in south Asia are outlined.

Drugs, consumption, and supply in Asia: the case of cocaine in colonial India, c. 1900 - c. 1930.

This article examines the market for cocaine in India during the early twentieth century and the efforts of the colonial state to control it. The British authorities issued regulations to prohibit the drugs use as early as 1900, and yet by the start of World War I, cocaines appeal had become socially diverse and geographically wide. This account of a significant market for a powerful new drug suggests that Indian society was able to rapidly develop a demand for such products even when the colonial state had no part in their introduction. Indians used these new products in complex ways- as medicines, as tonics, and as intoxicants, albeit through the localized medium of the everyday paan leaf. The study points to a reconsideration of a number of debates about the history of drugs and modern medicines in Asia.

Football in Goa: Sport, Politics and the Portuguese in India

Football in Goa is different. It has unique origins in the activities of an indigenized Catholic Church, in a history of emigration, in a forced industrialization, in the processes of decolonization and in a search for a means of protecting the difference described above of a Goa that found itself immersed in the Indian Union after 1961. The opening quotation emphasizes this difference, not just of Goan football, but of the region itself. It also hints at the origins of this difference as the writer is Oliveira Salazar, the Portuguese dictator and the last European ruler of Goa. To write the history of Goan football is to write the story of one of India’s two most powerful soccer regions. Along with West Bengal, Goa dominates Indian football. At the inception of the National League in 1996 Goa and West Bengal were the only football federations invited to enter two teams. Salgaocar, Goa’s most successful club, won the National Football League (NFL) in 1999 and the Rovers Cup in 2000. With the promotion of Vasco Sports Club to the NFL in 2000, Goa now has three teams in the top flight. Goan players are also heavily represented in the national team and such players as Francis Silveira of Churchill Brothers and Robero Fernandes of Salgaocar toured England with the Indian team in July 2000. This study then will look at the key moments and events which have shaped this footballing power in relation to the five factors mentioned above: the Church, emigration, industrialization, decolonization and the struggles for Goan independence in post-colonial India. This will show how the game there has developed in ways that are unique to the region and that are directly related to the political, economic and cultural history of Goa.

A historiography of south Asian sport

Despite the ongoing development of South Asian Studies over the past 25 years that has created a range of specialities such as the history of the environment, the anthropology and history of medicine, the sociology of the family and gender, etc., the history and sociology of sports in South Asia have lacked a focused academic approach. Nevertheless, there have been a number of studies and publications on the subject of sport in South Asia, and this article explores this historiography. The objective here is both to provide a bibliography for those developing an interest in the subject of sport in South Asia, and to identify the strengths and weaknesses of existing approaches and studies.

Cocaine and the British Empire: The Drug and the Diplomats at the Hague Opium Conference, 1911–12

This article will consider the reasons for the inclusion of cocaine in the Hague Opium Convention of 1912. This was the first time that the emerging international drugs regulatory system considered substances other than opiates and it was British delegates who took the initiative to include cocaine in discussions and in the final version of the agreement. Historians have tended to keep brief their accounts of this episode, seeing the British agenda on cocaine as driven primarily by their wider interests in opium, or alluding briefly to colonial anxieties about manufactured drugs. This article returns to the events of 1911–12 and argues that Britains position on cocaine deserves greater attention. It shows that British administrations in Asia had tried to control a growing market there for the drug since the turn of the century, and that their efforts had failed. In exploring the history of these efforts, and their impacts in the early days of the international narcotics-control regime, the article suggests that imperial policies are more complex than many historians have previously acknowledged, and that it may be time for fresh thinking on the relationship between empires and drugs in modern Asia.

Introduction: Empire, Nation, Diaspora

In 1911 over 60,000 Indians thronged to the Calcutta Maidan to witness an Indian team beat a British regimental eleven to win the IFA Shield. During the 1930s Muslims travelled across the country to watch Mohammedan Sporting during the period in which they won the Calcutta League five times in a row. The British presence on the FIFA committee deliberately obstructed the invitation of the Indian national football team to the World Cup of 1950. By the 1990s a brewery owned all of the top Calcutta clubs and a TV company had bought its own team in the National Football League. Football and the historical changes that have shaped modern south Asia have been closely related for over a century. Football and society in parts of the region are also intimately linked. While the major clubs were founded by the Englishspeaking elite, an observer could declare by 1959 that ‘soccer in India is a poor man’s game’ and that, as such,

Mapother of the Maudsley and Psychiatry at the End of the Raj

In 1937 Professor Edward Mapother took a trip to Ceylon. Mapother was the Medical Superintendent of the Maudsley Hospital in London. The oldest of seven siblings, and the son of an ENT surgeon, Mapother had his initial training in Dublin. After the First World War he had been entrusted with reforming psychiatric services in London. He set about pushing through changes in legislation and developing the wards of the London County Asylum, establishing neuro-psychiatric clinics and placing the emphasis on early treatment. The result was perceived as a shift from a legalistic and custodial system to a clinical one that emphasised the latest in psychiatric theory. Chief among his innovations was the Institute of Psychiatry at the Maudsley Hospital in London.1 This was designed as a remedy for what Mapother described as the ‘absurd situation that if English speaking psychiatrists want to specialise they have to go to Germany or Austria, especially Vienna (since they teach in English)’ and his vision was of ‘an institute to provide for research and for the very advanced training of psychiatrists and of most English speaking psychiatrists on leave from India and from the various British Overseas Dominions’.2

Decolonising drugs in Asia: the case of cocaine in colonial India

Abstract This article examines a drugs trade in Asia that has been largely forgotten by historians and policy-makers, that in cocaine. It will briefly trace some of the contours of this commerce and the efforts to control it. It will also assess how successful these efforts were. The article is designed to contribute fresh perspectives on recent controversies in the historiography of drugs in Asia to argue that the agendas and agency of consumers are central to understanding why markets have formed there for psychoactive substances in the modern period.

The IHO as Actor The case of cannabis and the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961

After the Second World War the United Nations (UN) assumed the role of the League of Nations in formulating and operating the international regulatory framework for narcotic drugs. It gathered masses of information from across countries and continents while acting as both a forum and an agent for the emergence of agreed approaches to a heterodox array of substances. This article will examine the story of the inclusion of cannabis in the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. It will argue that in the years after 1945, it was officials at the UN and the WHO that played crucial roles in shaping opinions of the drug and in securing its place in the Convention.